%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Title: survey-msj-camera-draft %%Creator: FrameMaker %%CreationDate: Wednesday, June 26, 1996 %%Pages: (atend) %%BoundingBox: ? ? ? ? %%PageBoundingBox: 17 22 577 819 %%For: campbell %%DocumentProcSets: "(AppleDict md)" 71 0 %% © Copyright Apple Computer, Inc. 1989-92 All Rights Reserved. %%EndComments %%BeginProcSet: "(AppleDict md)" 71 0 userdict/LW{save statusdict/product get(LaserWriter)anchorsearch exch pop{dup length 0 eq{pop 1}{( Plus)eq{2}{3}ifelse}ifelse}{0}ifelse exch restore}bind put userdict/patchOK known not{save LW dup 1 ne exch 2 ne and false<1861AEDAE118A9F95F1629C0137F8FE656811DD93DFBEA65E947502E78BA12284B8A58EF0A3 2E272778DAA2ABEC72A84102D591E11D96BA61F57877B895A752D9BEAAC3DFD7D3220E2BDE7C036467464E0E836748F1DE7AB6216866F130CE7CFCEC8CE050B870C11881EE3E9D70919>{eexec}stopped{dup type/stringtype eq{pop}if}if and exch restore userdict/patchOK 3 -1 roll put} if userdict/downloadOK known not{userdict/downloadOK{ vmstatus exch sub exch pop 120000 gt patchOK and}bind put}if userdict/type42known known not{userdict/type42known systemdict/resourcestatus known{42/FontType resourcestatus{pop pop true}{false}ifelse }{false}ifelse put}if type42known not downloadOK and {userdict begin /*charpath /charpath load def/charpathflag false def/charpath{userdict/charpathflag true put userdict/*charpath get exec userdict/charpathflag false put}bind def end}if userdict/checkload known not{userdict/checkload{{pop exec} {save 3 dict begin/mystring 6050 string def exch/endstring exch def{currentfile mystring readline not{stop}if endstring eq{exit}if}loop end restore pop}ifelse}bind put}if userdict/LW+{LW 2 eq}bind put userdict/ok known not{userdict/ok{systemdict/statusdict known dup{LW 0 gt and}if}bind put}if systemdict/currentpacking known{currentpacking true setpacking}if /md 270 dict def md begin /av 71 def /T true def/F false def/mtx matrix def/s75 75 string def/sa8 8 string def/sb8 8 string def /sc8 8 string def/sd8 8 string def/s1 ( ) def/pxs 1 def/pys 1 def /ns false def 1 0 mtx defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan/pa exch def/nlw .24 def/ppr [-32 -29.52 762 582.48] def /pgr [0 0 0 0] def /pgs 1 def/por true def/xb 500 array def/so true def/tso true def/fillflag false def/pnm 1 def/fmv true def /sfl false def/ma 0 def/invertflag false def/dbinvertflag false def/xflip false def/yflip false def/noflips true def/scaleby96 false def/fNote true def/fBitStretch true def /4colors false def/fg (Rvd\001\001\000\000\177) def /bdf{bind def}bind def /xdf{exch def}bdf /xl{neg exch neg translate}bdf /fp{pnsh 0 ne pnsv 0 ne and}bdf /nop{}bdf/lnop[/nop load]cvx bdf /vrb[ {fp{fg 6 get 0 ne{gsave stroke grestore}{gsave 1 setlinewidth pnsh pnsv scale stroke grestore}ifelse}if newpath}bind /eofill load dup /newpath load 2 index dup {clip newpath}bind {}bind dup 2 copy ]def /sgd systemdict/setpagedevice known{{2 dict begin/PreRenderingEnhance exch def/Policies 1 dict dup/PreRenderingEnhance 1 put def currentdict end setpagedevice}}{{pop}}ifelse bdf /svsc systemdict/currentcolorscreen known{{currentcolorscreen/dkspf xdf/dkrot xdf/dkfreq xdf/dyspf xdf/dyrot xdf/dyfreq xdf/dmspf xdf/dmrot xdf/dmfreq xdf /dcspf xdf/dcrot xdf/dcfreq xdf}}{{currentscreen/spf xdf/rot xdf/freq xdf}}ifelse bdf /doop{vrb exch get exec}bdf /psu{/udf xdf/tso xdf /fNote xdf/fBitStretch xdf/scaleby96 xdf/yflip xdf/xflip xdf /invertflag xdf/dbinvertflag invertflag statusdict begin version cvr 47.0 ge product (LaserWriter) eq not and end invertflag and {not}if def xflip yflip or{/noflips false def}if /pgs xdf 2 index .72 mul exch div/pys xdf div .72 mul/pxs xdf ppr astore pop pgr astore pop/por xdf sn and/so xdf}bdf /tab{userdict /11x17 known{userdict begin /11x17 load exec end}{statusdict /setpage known{statusdict begin 792 1224 1 setpage end}{statusdict /setpageparams known{statusdict begin 792 1224 0 1 setpageparams end}if}ifelse}ifelse}bdf /a3Size{userdict /a3 known{userdict begin /a3 load exec end}{statusdict /setpageparams known{statusdict begin 842 1191 0 1 setpageparams end}if}ifelse}bdf /txpose{fNote{smalls}{bigs}ifelse pgs get exec pxs pys scale ppr aload pop por{noflips{pop exch neg exch translate pop 1 -1 scale}if xflip yflip and{pop exch neg exch translate 180 rotate 1 -1 scale ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg translate}if xflip yflip not and{pop exch neg exch translate pop 180 rotate ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg 0 translate}if yflip xflip not and{ppr 1 get neg ppr 0 get neg translate}if} {noflips{translate pop pop 270 rotate 1 -1 scale}if xflip yflip and{translate pop pop 90 rotate 1 -1 scale ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg translate}if xflip yflip not and{translate pop pop 90 rotate ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg 0 translate}if yflip xflip not and{translate pop pop 270 rotate ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg 0 exch translate}if}ifelse statusdict begin/waittimeout where{pop waittimeout 300 lt{statusdict/waittimeout 300 put}if}if end scaleby96{ppr aload pop 4 -1 roll add 2 div 3 1 roll add 2 div 2 copy translate .96 dup scale neg exch neg exch translate}if}bdf /fr{4 copy pgr aload pop 3 -1 roll add 3 1 roll exch add 6 2 roll 3 -1 roll sub 3 1 roll exch sub 3 -1 roll exch div 3 1 roll div exch scale pop pop xl}bdf /obl{{0.212557 mul}{pop 0}ifelse}bdf /sfd{ps fg 5 -1 roll get mul 100 div 0 ps 5 -1 roll obl ps neg 0 0 6a astore makefont setfont}bdf /fnt{findfont sfd}bdf /bt{sa 3 1 roll 3 index and put}bdf /sa(\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000)def /fs{0 1 bt 1 2 bt 2 4 bt 3 8 bt 4 16 bt 5 32 bt 6 64 bt 7 128 bt sa exch 8 exch put}bdf /mx1 matrix def /mx2 matrix def /mx3 matrix def /bu{currentpoint 4colors{currentcmykcolor}{currentrgbcolor}ifelse currentlinewidth currentlinecap currentlinejoin currentdash exch aload length fg 5 sfl{1}{0}ifelse put pnsv pnsh 2t aload pop 3a aload pop mx2 aload pop mx1 aload pop mtx currentmatrix aload pop mx3 aload pop ps pm restore/ps xdf mx3 astore pop}bdf /bn{/pm save def mx3 setmatrix newpath 0 0 moveto ct dup 39 get 0 exch getinterval cvx exec mtx astore setmatrix mx1 astore pop mx2 astore pop 3a astore pop 2t astore pop/pnsh xdf/pnsv xdf gw /sfl fg 5 get 0 ne def array astore exch setdash setlinejoin setlinecap setlinewidth 4colors{mysetcmykcolor}{setrgbcolor}ifelse moveto}bdf /fc{save vmstatus exch sub 50000 lt {(%%[|0|]%%)=print flush}if pop restore}bdf /tc{32768 div add 3 1 roll 32768 div add 2t astore pop}bdf /3a [0 0 0] def /2t 2 array def /tp{3a astore pop}bdf /tt{mx2 currentmatrix pop currentpoint 2 copy 2t aload pop qa 2 copy translate 3a aload pop exch dup 0 eq {pop}{1 eq{-1 1}{1 -1}ifelse scale}ifelse rotate pop neg exch neg exch translate moveto}bdf /te{mx2 setmatrix}bdf /th{3 -1 roll div 3 1 roll exch div 2 copy mx1 scale pop scale/sfl true def}bdf /tu{1 1 mx1 itransform scale/sfl false def}bdf /ts{1 1 mx1 transform scale/sfl true def}bdf /fz{/ps xdf}bdf /dv{dup 0 ne{div}{pop}ifelse}bdf /pop4{pop pop pop pop}bdf /it{sfl{mx1 itransform}if}bdf /gm{exch it moveto}bdf/rm{it rmoveto}bdf /lm{currentpoint sfl{mx1 transform}if exch pop sub 0 exch it rmoveto}bdf /fm{statusdict/manualfeed known}bdf /se{statusdict exch/manualfeed exch put}bdf /mf{dup/ma exch def 0 gt{fm se/t1 5 st ok ma 1 gt and{/t2 0 st/t3 0 st statusdict/manualfeedtimeout 3600 put }if}if}bdf /jn{/statusdict where exch pop{statusdict exch /jobname exch put}if}bdf /pen{pnm mul/pnsh xdf pnm mul/pnsv xdf pnsh setlinewidth}bdf /min{2 copy gt{exch}if pop}bdf /max{2 copy lt{exch}if pop}bdf /dh{fg 6 1 put array astore dup {1 pxs div mul exch}forall astore exch pop exch pop exch setdash}bdf /ih[currentdash]def /rh{fg 6 0 put ih aload pop setdash}bdf /dl{gsave nlw pys div setlinewidth 0 setgray}bdf /dlin{exch currentpoint currentlinewidth 2 div dup translate newpath moveto lineto currentpoint stroke grestore moveto}bdf /lin{fg 6 get 0 ne{exch lineto currentpoint 0 doop moveto} {exch currentpoint/pnlv xdf/pnlh xdf gsave newpath/@1 xdf/@2 xdf fp{pnlh @2 lt{pnlv @1 ge {pnlh pnlv moveto @2 @1 lineto pnsh 0 rlineto 0 pnsv rlineto pnlh pnsh add pnlv pnsv add lineto pnsh neg 0 rlineto} {pnlh pnlv moveto pnsh 0 rlineto @2 pnsh add @1 lineto 0 pnsv rlineto pnsh neg 0 rlineto pnlh pnlv pnsv add lineto}ifelse}{pnlv @1 gt {@2 @1 moveto pnsh 0 rlineto pnlh pnsh add pnlv lineto 0 pnsv rlineto pnsh neg 0 rlineto @2 @1 pnsv add lineto}{pnlh pnlv moveto pnsh 0 rlineto 0 pnsv rlineto @2 pnsh add @1 pnsv add lineto pnsh neg 0 rlineto 0 pnsv neg rlineto}ifelse}ifelse closepath fill}if @2 @1 grestore moveto}ifelse}bdf /gw{/pnm fg 3 get fg 4 get div def}bdf /lw{fg exch 4 exch put fg exch 3 exch put gw pnsv pnsh pen}bdf /barc{/@1 xdf/@2 xdf/@3 xdf/@4 xdf/@5 xdf /@6 xdf/@7 xdf/@8 xdf gsave @5 @7 add 2 div @6 @8 add 2 div translate newpath 0 0 moveto @5 @7 sub @6 @8 sub mtx currentmatrix pop scale @1{newpath}if 0 0 0.5 @4 @3 arc @4 @3 sub abs 360 ge{closepath}if mtx setmatrix @2 doop grestore}bdf /ar{dup 0 eq barc}bdf /ov{0 exch 360 exch true barc}bdf /rc{dup/@t xdf 0 eq{4 copy 3 -1 roll eq 3 1 roll eq and{pnsv 2 div sub exch pnsh 2 div sub exch 4 2 roll pnsv 2 div add exch pnsh 2 div add exch /@t 1 def}if}if currentpoint 6 2 roll newpath 4 copy 4 2 roll exch moveto 6 -1 roll lineto lineto lineto closepath @t doop moveto}bdf /mup{dup pnsh 2 div le exch pnsv 2 div le or}bdf /rr{/@1 xdf 2. div/@2 xdf 2. div/@3 xdf /@4 xdf/@5 xdf/@6 xdf/@7 xdf @7 @5 eq @6 @4 eq @2 mup or or{@7 @6 @5 @4 @1 rc} {@4 @6 sub 2. div dup @2 lt{/@2 xdf}{pop}ifelse @5 @7 sub 2. div dup @2 lt{/@2 xdf}{pop}ifelse @1 0 eq{/@2 @2 pnsh 2 div 2 copy gt{sub def}{0 pop4}ifelse}if currentpoint newpath @4 @6 add 2. div @7 moveto @4 @7 @4 @5 @2 arcto pop4 @4 @5 @6 @5 @2 arcto pop4 @6 @5 @6 @7 @2 arcto pop4 @6 @7 @4 @7 @2 arcto pop4 closepath @1 doop moveto}ifelse}bdf /pr{gsave newpath/pl{exch moveto/pl{exch lineto}def}def}bdf /pl{exch lineto}bdf /ep{dup 0 eq{{moveto}{exch lin}{}{(%%[|1|]%%)= flush}pathforall pop grestore}{doop grestore}ifelse currentpoint newpath moveto}bdf /gr{64. div setgray}bdf /savescreen{ns not{/ns true def systemdict/currentcolorscreen known{currentcolorscreen/pkspf xdf/pkrot xdf/pkfreq xdf/pyspf xdf/pyrot xdf/pyfreq xdf/pmspf xdf/pmrot xdf/pmfreq xdf /pcspf xdf/pcrot xdf/pcfreq xdf}{currentscreen/sspf xdf/srot xdf/sfreq xdf}ifelse}if}bdf /restorescreen{/ns false def systemdict/setcolorscreen known{pcfreq pcrot/pcspf load pmfreq pmrot/pmspf load pyfreq pyrot/pyspf load pkfreq pkrot/pkspf load setcolorscreen}{sfreq srot/sspf load setscreen}ifelse}bdf /pat{savescreen sa8 copy pop 9.375 pa por not{90 add}if{1 add 4 mul cvi sa8 exch get exch 1 add 4 mul cvi 7 sub bitshift 1 and}setscreen exch not{gr}{pop}ifelse}bdf /sg{restorescreen gr}bdf /cpat{savescreen 10 2 roll 7 -1 roll sa8 copy pop 9.375 pa por not{90 add}if{1 add 4 mul cvi sa8 exch get exch 1 add 4 mul cvi 7 sub bitshift 1 and}8 -1 roll sb8 copy pop 9.375 pa por not{90 add}if{1 add 4 mul cvi sb8 exch get exch 1 add 4 mul cvi 7 sub bitshift 1 and}9 -1 roll sc8 copy pop 9.375 pa por not{90 add}if{1 add 4 mul cvi sc8 exch get exch 1 add 4 mul cvi 7 sub bitshift 1 and}10 -1 roll sd8 copy pop 9.375 pa por not{90 add}if{1 add 4 mul cvi sd8 exch get exch 1 add 4 mul cvi 7 sub bitshift 1 and}psuedo1 dsc 4{4 -1 roll 1 exch 64 div sub}repeat mysetcmykcolor pop pop}bdf systemdict/setcolorscreen known{/psuedo1 lnop bdf/dsc/setcolorscreen load def}{/psuedo1{16{pop}repeat sa8 copy pop 9.375 pa por not{90 add}if{1 add 4 mul cvi sa8 exch get exch 1 add 4 mul cvi 7 sub bitshift 1 and}}bdf /bwsc{setscreen dup gr 0 exch 0 exch 64 exch 64 exch 64 exch}bdf/dsc/bwsc load def }ifelse systemdict/setcmykcolor known{/mysetcmykcolor /setcmykcolor load def}{/mysetcmykcolor{1 sub 4 1 roll 3{3 index add neg dup 0 lt{pop 0}if 3 1 roll}repeat setrgbcolor pop}bdf}ifelse /dc{transform round .5 sub exch round .5 sub exch itransform}bdf /sn{userdict/smooth4 known}bdf /x8{3 bitshift}bdf /x4{2 bitshift}bdf /d4{-2 bitshift}bdf /d8{-3 bitshift}bdf /rb{15 add -4 bitshift 1 bitshift}bdf /db{/@7 save def/@1 xdf/@2 xdf/@3 xdf/@4 xdf/@5 xdf/@6 @5 @3 4 add mul def dc translate scale/xdbit 1 1 idtransform abs/ydbit exch def abs def{0 0 1 ydbit add 1 10 rc clip}if @1 0 eq @1 4 eq or{currentrgbcolor 1 setgray ydbit 0 1 ydbit add 1 2 rc setrgbcolor}if @1 3 eq @1 7 eq or{1 setgray}{currentrgbcolor 2 index eq exch 2 index eq and exch pop{0 setgray}if}ifelse/@9 @1 0 eq @1 1 eq @1 3 eq or or dbinvertflag xor def/@13 @6 def @2 fBitStretch or{/@10 @4 x4 def/@11 @3 x4 def/@12 @10 rb def/@13 @12 @11 mul def/@15 1 1 dtransform abs/calcY 1 index def round cvi/@14 exch def abs/calcX 1 index def round cvi scaleby96 not{1 add}if def/@16 @15 rb def/@17 @16 @14 mul def}if sn @13 60000 lt and @2 fBitStretch or and{mtx currentmatrix dup 1 get exch 2 get 0. eq exch 0. eq and @17 60000 lt and fBitStretch and{@16 3 bitshift @14 @9 [calcX 0 0 calcY 0 0]{@17 string @13 string currentfile @6 string readhexstring pop 1 index @4 @3 @5 @12 @2 smooth4 @10 @11 @12 dup string 5 index @15 @14 @16 dup string stretch}imagemask}{@12 x8 @11 @9 [@10 0 0 @11 0 0]{@13 string currentfile @6 string readhexstring pop 1 index @4 @3 @5 @12 @2 smooth4}imagemask}ifelse}{@5 3 bitshift @3 4 add @9 [@4 0 0 @3 0 2]{currentfile @6 string readhexstring pop}imagemask}ifelse @7 restore}bdf systemdict/setcmykcolor known{/psuedo lnop bdf/di/colorimage load def}{/routines[{.3 mul add 1}bind{.59 mul add 2}bind{.11 mul add round cvi str exch i exch put/i i 1 add def 0 0}bind]def /psuedo{/i 0 def 0 exch 0 exch{exch routines exch get exec}forall pop pop str}bdf/bwi{pop pop image}bdf/di/bwi load def}ifelse /cdb{/@7 save def/@1 xdf/@2 xdf/@3 xdf/@4 xdf/@5 xdf systemdict/setcmykcolor known not{dc}if translate scale /@6 xdf /@18 @5 dup 60000 ge{pop 60000}if string def @6 not{/str @18 0 @18 length 3 idiv getinterval def}if @4 @3 8 [@4 0 0 @3 0 0]@6{{currentfile @18 readhexstring pop}image}{{currentfile @18 readhexstring pop psuedo}false 3 di}ifelse @7 restore}bdf /wd 16 dict def /mfont 14 dict def /mdf{mfont wcheck not{/mfont 14 dict def}if mfont begin xdf end}bdf /cf{{1 index/FID ne{def}{pop pop}ifelse}forall}bdf/rf{/@1 exch def/@2 exch def FontDirectory @2 known{cleartomark pop}{findfont dup begin dup length @1 add dict begin cf{/Encoding macvec def}{Encoding dup length array copy/Encoding exch def counttomark 2 idiv{Encoding 3 1 roll put}repeat}ifelse pop exec currentdict end end @2 exch definefont pop}ifelse}bdf /bmbc{exch begin wd begin /cr xdf save CharTable cr 6 mul 6 getinterval{}forall /bitheight xdf/bitwidth xdf .96 div/width xdf Gkernmax add/XOffset xdf Gdescent add/YOffset xdf/rowbytes xdf rowbytes 255 eq{0 0 0 0 0 0 setcachedevice} {Gnormsize dup scale width 0 XOffset YOffset bitwidth XOffset add bitheight YOffset add setcachedevice rowbytes 0 ne{ XOffset YOffset translate newpath 0 0 moveto bitwidth bitheight scale sn{ /xSmt bitwidth x4 def /ySmt bitheight x4 def /rSmt xSmt rb def rSmt x8 ySmt true [xSmt 0 0 ySmt neg 0 ySmt] {rSmt ySmt mul string CharData cr get 1 index bitwidth bitheight rowbytes rSmt tso smooth4} }{rowbytes 3 bitshift bitheight 4 add true [bitwidth 0 0 bitheight neg 0 bitheight 2 add] {CharData cr get} }ifelse imagemask }if }ifelse restore end end }bdf /bb{.96 exch div/Gnormsize mdf 2 index /Gkernmax mdf 1 index/Gdescent mdf 3 index div 4 1 roll 2 index div 1. 5 2 roll exch div 4 1 roll 4 array astore/FontBBox mdf }bdf /cdf{mfont/CharData get 3 1 roll put}bdf /bf{ mfont begin /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /Encoding macvec def /MFontType 0 def /BuildChar/bmbc load def end mfont definefont pop }bdf /wi LW 1 eq{{gsave 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip stringwidth grestore}bind}{/stringwidth load}ifelse def /aps{0 get 124 eq}bdf /xc{s75 cvs dup}bdf /xp{put cvn}bdf /scs{xc 3 67 put dup 0 95 xp}bdf /sos{xc 3 79 xp}bdf /sbs{xc 1 66 xp}bdf /sis{xc 2 73 xp}bdf /sob{xc 2 79 xp}bdf /sss{xc 4 83 xp}bdf /dd{exch 1 index add 3 1 roll add exch}bdf /smc{moveto dup show}bdf /ndf2{udf{dup /FontType get 0 eq{/FDepVector get{dup /FontType get 0 eq{ndf2}{dup /df2 known{begin df2 0 null put end }{pop}ifelse}ifelse}forall}{/df2 known{dup begin df2 0 null put end}if}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}bdf /kwn{FontDirectory 1 index known{findfont dup ndf2 exch pop}}bdf /gl{1 currentgray sub setgray}bdf /newmm{dup /FontType get 0 eq{dup maxlength dict begin{1 index/FID ne 2 index/UniqueID ne and{def}{pop pop}ifelse}forall currentdict end dup /FDepVector 2 copy get[exch 6 index exch 6 index exch{newmm 3 1 roll}forall pop pop] put dup }{/mfont 10 dict def mfont begin/FontMatrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /FontType 3 def/Encoding macvec def/df 1 index def/df2 1 array def/FontBBox [0 0 1 1] def/StyleCode 2 index def /mbc{bcarray StyleCode get}def/BuildChar{exch begin wd begin/cr exch def/cs s1 dup 0 cr put def df /MFontType known not{ df2 0 get null eq{df dup length 2 add dict begin{1 index/FID ne 2 index/UniqueID ne and{def}{pop pop}ifelse}forall /StrokeWidth 1 0 FontMatrix idtransform pop dup nlw mul pys div ps div exch 0.012 mul 2 copy le{exch}if pop def/PaintType 2 def currentdict end /q exch definefont df2 exch 0 exch put}if}if mbc exec end end}def end mfont}ifelse 3 index exch definefont exch pop}bdf /mb{dup sbs kwn{0 2 index findfont newmm exch pop exch pop exch pop}ifelse sfd}bdf /mo{dup sos kwn{2 2 index findfont newmm exch pop exch pop exch pop}ifelse sfd}bdf /ms{dup sss kwn{4 2 index findfont newmm exch pop exch pop exch pop}ifelse sfd}bdf /ou{dup sos kwn{mfont/df2 known{mfont begin df2 0 null put end}if 3 2 index findfont newmm exch pop exch pop exch pop}ifelse sfd}bdf /su{dup sss kwn{mfont/df2 known{mfont begin df2 0 null put end}if 5 2 index findfont newmm exch pop exch pop exch pop}ifelse sfd}bdf /ao{/fmv true def ou}bdf/as{/fmv true def su}bdf /vo{/fmv false def ou}bdf/vs{/fmv false def su}bdf /c{currentrgbcolor dup 4 1 roll eq 3 1 roll eq and/gray xdf}bdf /bcarray[{/da .03 def df setfont gsave cs wi 1 index 0 ne{exch da add exch}if grestore setcharwidth cs 0 0 smc da 0 smc da da smc 0 da moveto show}bind dup{/da 1 ps div def df setfont gsave cs wi 1 index 0 ne{exch da add exch}if grestore setcharwidth cs 0 0 smc da 0 smc da da smc 0 da smc c gray{gl}{1 setgray}ifelse da 2. div dup moveto show}bind {df setfont gsave cs wi grestore setcharwidth c gray{gl}{currentrgbcolor 1 setgray}ifelse cs 0 0 smc df2 0 get setfont gray{gl}{4 1 roll setrgbcolor}ifelse 0 0 moveto show}bind {/da 1 ps div def/ds .05 def/da2 da 2. div def df setfont gsave cs wi 1 index 0 ne{exch ds add da2 add exch}if grestore setcharwidth cs ds da2 add .01 add 0 smc 0 ds da2 sub translate 0 0 smc da 0 smc da da smc 0 da smc c gray{gl}{1 setgray}ifelse da 2. div dup moveto show}bind {/da .05 def df setfont gsave cs wi 1 index 0 ne{exch da add exch}if grestore setcharwidth c cs da .01 add 0 smc 0 da translate gray{gl}{currentrgbcolor 1 setgray 4 -1 roll}ifelse 0 0 smc gray{gl}{4 1 roll setrgbcolor}ifelse df2 0 get setfont 0 0 moveto show}bind]def /st{1000 mul usertime add dup 2147483647 gt{2147483647 sub}if def}bdf /the{usertime sub dup 0 lt exch -2147483648 gt and}bdf /6a 6 array def /2a 2 array def /3q 3 array def /qs{3 -1 roll sub exch 3 -1 roll sub exch}bdf /qa{3 -1 roll add exch 3 -1 roll add exch}bdf /qm{3 -1 roll 1 index mul 3 1 roll mul}bdf /qn{6a exch get mul}bdf /qA .166667 def/qB .833333 def/qC .5 def /qx{6a astore pop qA 0 qn qB 2 qn add qA 1 qn qB 3 qn add qB 2 qn qA 4 qn add qB 3 qn qA 5 qn add qC 2 qn qC 4 qn add qC 3 qn qC 5 qn add}bdf /qp{6 copy 12 -2 roll pop pop}bdf /qc{exch qp qx curveto}bdf /qi{{exch 4 copy 2a astore aload pop qa .5 qm newpath moveto}{exch 2 copy 6 -2 roll 2 qm qs 4 2 roll}ifelse}bdf /qq{{qc 2a aload pop qx curveto}{exch 4 copy qs qa qx curveto}ifelse}bdf /pt{currentpoint newpath moveto}bdf /qf{/fillflag true def}bdf /ec{dup 4 and 0 ne{closepath}if 1 and 0 ne{0 doop}if grestore currentpoint newpath moveto/fillflag false def}bdf /eu{currentpoint fp{0 ep}{grestore newpath}ifelse moveto/fillflag false def}bdf /bp{currentpoint newpath 2 copy moveto}bdf /ef{gsave fillflag{gsave eofill grestore}if}bdf /sm{0 exch{@1 eq{1 add}if}forall}bdf /lshow{4 1 roll exch/@1 exch def{1 index wi pop sub 1 index sm dv 0 @1 4 -1 roll widthshow}{1 index wi pop sub 1 index dup sm 10 mul exch length 1 sub add dv dup 10. mul 0 @1 4 -1 roll 0 6 -1 roll awidthshow}ifelse}bdf /setTxMode{sa 9 2 index put exch not{3 eq{1}{0}ifelse setgray}{pop}ifelse}bdf /SwToSym{{}mark false/Symbol/|______Symbol 0 rf 0 sa 6 get 0 ne{pop 1}{sa 7 get 0 eq{pop 2}if}ifelse sa 1 get 0 ne/|______Symbol sa 4 get 0 ne{vs}{sa 3 get 0 ne{vo}{fnt}ifelse}ifelse}bdf /mc{0 3 1 roll transform neg exch pop}bdf /ul{dup 0 ne sa 2 get 0 ne and{gsave 0 0 /UnderlinePosition kif{mc}{ps -10 div}ifelse/UnderlineThickness kif{mc}{ps 15 div}ifelse abs setlinewidth neg rmoveto sa 4 get 0 ne{gsave currentlinewidth 2. div dup rmoveto currentpoint newpath moveto 2 copy rlineto stroke grestore}if sa 3 get sa 4 get or 0 ne{gsave currentrgbcolor dup 4 1 roll eq 3 1 roll eq and{gl}{1 setgray}ifelse 2 copy rlineto stroke grestore rlineto strokepath nlw pys div setlinewidth}{rlineto}ifelse stroke grestore}{pop}ifelse}bdf /sgt{2 copy known{get true}{pop pop false}ifelse}bdf /kif{currentfont dup/FontMatrix get exch/FontInfo sgt{true}{currentfont/df sgt {dup/FontInfo sgt{3 1 roll/FontMatrix get mtx concatmatrix exch true}{pop pop pop false} ifelse}{pop pop false}ifelse}ifelse{3 -1 roll sgt{exch true}{pop false}ifelse}{false}ifelse}bdf /blank/Times-Roman findfont/CharStrings get/space get def /macvec 256 array def /NUL/SOH/STX/ETX/EOT/ENQ/ACK/BEL/BS/HT/LF/VT/FF/CR/SO/SI /DLE/DC1/DC2/DC3/DC4/NAK/SYN/ETB/CAN/EM/SUB/ESC/FS/GS/RS/US macvec 0 32 getinterval astore pop macvec 32/Times-Roman findfont/Encoding get 32 96 getinterval putinterval macvec dup 39/quotesingle put 96/grave put /Adieresis/Aring/Ccedilla/Eacute/Ntilde/Odieresis/Udieresis/aacute /agrave/acircumflex/adieresis/atilde/aring/ccedilla/eacute/egrave /ecircumflex/edieresis/iacute/igrave/icircumflex/idieresis/ntilde/oacute /ograve/ocircumflex/odieresis/otilde/uacute/ugrave/ucircumflex/udieresis /dagger/degree/cent/sterling/section/bullet/paragraph/germandbls /registered/copyright/trademark/acute/dieresis/notequal/AE/Oslash /infinity/plusminus/lessequal/greaterequal/yen/mu/partialdiff/summation /product/pi/integral/ordfeminine/ordmasculine/Omega/ae/oslash /questiondown/exclamdown/logicalnot/radical/florin/approxequal/Delta/guillemotleft /guillemotright/ellipsis/blank/Agrave/Atilde/Otilde/OE/oe /endash/emdash/quotedblleft/quotedblright/quoteleft/quoteright/divide/lozenge /ydieresis/Ydieresis/fraction/currency/guilsinglleft/guilsinglright/fi/fl /daggerdbl/periodcentered/quotesinglbase/quotedblbase/perthousand/Acircumflex/Ecircumflex/Aacute /Edieresis/Egrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Igrave/Oacute/Ocircumflex /apple/Ograve/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Ugrave/dotlessi/circumflex/tilde /macron/breve/dotaccent/ring/cedilla/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron macvec 128 128 getinterval astore pop {}mark true/Courier/|______Courier 0 rf {/Metrics 21 dict begin/zero 600 def/one 600 def/two 600 def/three 600 def/four 600 def/five 600 def/six 600 def/seven 600 def/eight 600 def /nine 600 def/comma 600 def/period 600 def/dollar 600 def/numbersign 600 def/percent 600 def/plus 600 def/hyphen 600 def/E 600 def/parenleft 600 def/parenright 600 def/space 600 def currentdict end def currentdict/UniqueID known{/UniqueID 16#800000 def}if/FontBBox FontBBox 4 array astore def}mark true/Helvetica/|______Seattle 1 rf /oldsettransfer/settransfer load def /concatprocs{/proc2 exch cvlit def/proc1 exch cvlit def/newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def newproc 0 proc1 putinterval newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx}def /settransfer{currenttransfer concatprocs oldsettransfer}def /PaintBlack{{1 exch sub}settransfer gsave newpath clippath 1 setgray fill grestore}def /od{(Rvd\001\001\000\000\177) fg copy pop txpose 1 0 mtx defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan/pa exch def newpath clippath mark {transform{itransform moveto}}{transform{itransform lineto}} {6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform {itransform 6 2 roll itransform 6 2 roll itransform 6 2 roll curveto}} {{closepath}}pathforall newpath counttomark array astore/gc xdf pop ct 39 0 put 10 fz 0 fs 2 F/|______Courier fnt invertflag{PaintBlack}if statusdict/processcolors known{statusdict begin processcolors end 4 eq{/4colors true def}if}if}bdf /cd{}bdf /op{/sfl false def systemdict/currentcolorscreen known{dcfreq dcrot/dcspf load dmfreq dmrot/dmspf load dyfreq dyrot/dyspf load dkfreq dkrot/dkspf load setcolorscreen}{freq rot/spf load setscreen}ifelse savescreen /ns false def/pm save def}bdf /cp{not{userdict/#copies 0 put}if ma 0 gt{{t1 the{exit}if}loop}if{/copypage load exec}{/showpage load exec}ifelse pm restore}bdf /px{0 3 1 roll tp tt}bdf /psb{/us save def}bdf /pse{us restore}bdf /ct 40 string def /nc{currentpoint initclip newpath gc{dup type dup/arraytype eq exch/packedarraytype eq or{exec}if} forall clip newpath moveto}def /kp{ct 0 2 index length 2 index 39 2 index put getinterval copy cvx exec mx3 currentmatrix pop}bdf end LW 1 eq userdict/a4small known not and{/a4small [[300 72 div 0 0 -300 72 div -120 3381] 280 3255 {statusdict/jobstate (printing) put 0 setblink margins exch 196 add exch 304 add 8 div round cvi frametoroket statusdict/jobstate (busy) put 1 setblink} /framedevice load 60 45{dup mul exch dup mul add 1.0 exch sub}/setscreen load {}/settransfer load/initgraphics load/erasepage load]cvx statusdict begin bind end readonly def}if md begin/bigs[lnop userdict/letter known{/letter load}{lnop}ifelse userdict/legal known{/legal load}{lnop}ifelse userdict/a4 known{/a4 load}{lnop}ifelse userdict/b5 known{/b5 load}{lnop}ifelse lnop lnop lnop /tab load/a3Size load]def /smalls[lnop userdict/lettersmall known{/lettersmall load}{userdict/note known{/note load}{lnop}ifelse}ifelse userdict/legal known{/legal load}{lnop}ifelse userdict/a4small known{/a4small load}{lnop}ifelse userdict/b5 known{/b5 load}{userdict/note known{/note load}{lnop}ifelse}ifelse lnop lnop lnop /tab load/a3Size load]def end systemdict/currentpacking known{setpacking}if {currentfile eexec} ( %endeexec) ok userdict/stretch known not and checkload 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %endeexec %%EndProcSet %%EndProlog %%BeginDocumentSetup md begin F sgd svsc %%Title: FrameMaker PostScript Prolog for use with Macintosh FrameMaker 3.0 %%Creator: Frame Technology (Gustavo Fernandez, David Fuchs, Greg Cockroft) % Copyright (c) 1986-90 Frame Technology Corp. All rights reserved. %%EndComments %%BeginProcSet: "FrameMacDict" 28 0 userdict/FrameMacDict 150 dict put FrameMacDict begin/FmBd{bind def}bind def/FmXd{exch FrameMacDict 3 1 roll put}FmBd/FmD{FrameMacDict 3 1 roll put}FmBd/Fmtx matrix def/FmSm{Fmtx currentmatrix pop}FmBd/FmRm{Fmtx setmatrix}FmBd/FmOx matrix def FmOx currentmatrix pop/FmSO{/FmOs save def FmSm FmOx setmatrix}FmBd/FmIO{FmRm}FmBd/FmEO{FmOs restore}FmBd/FmAn {transform round .5 sub exch round .5 sub exch itransform}FmBd /FmAn1{transform round 1.5 sub exch round 1.5 sub exch itransform}FmBd/FmDn {dtransform round exch round exch idtransform}FmBd/FmLn{0 dtransform exch cvi 2 idiv 2 mul .1 add exch idtransform pop}FmBd/FmM{FmAn moveto}FmBd /FmL{FmAn lineto}FmBd/FmCv{FmAn 6 2 roll FmAn 6 2 roll FmAn 6 2 roll curveto}FmBd/FmSt{currentlinecap currentlinewidth 5 2 roll FmLn setlinewidth setlinecap{closepath}if stroke setlinewidth setlinecap 0 0 moveto}FmBd /FmFl{{closepath}if eofill 0 0 moveto}FmBd/FmqP{FmAn/Fm4 FmXd/Fm3 FmXd FmAn/Fm2 FmXd/Fm1 FmXd Fm1 Fm2 moveto Fm1 Fm4 lineto Fm3 Fm4 lineto Fm3 Fm2 lineto closepath currentlinewidth exch FmLn setlinewidth stroke setlinewidth 0 0 moveto}FmBd/FmqF{FmAn/Fm4 FmXd/Fm3 FmXd FmAn/Fm2 FmXd/Fm1 FmXd Fm1 Fm2 moveto Fm1 Fm4 lineto Fm3 Fm4 lineto Fm3 Fm2 lineto fill 0 0 moveto}FmBd 50 string/FmKs FmXd/FmKp{FmKs 0 2 index length 2 index 49 2 index put getinterval copy pop FmKs 48 2 put}FmBd/kp where{dup/kp get/FmRealkp FmXd /kp{FrameMacDict/FmKs get dup 48 get 1 sub dup 0 lt{pop 0}if 48 exch put FrameMacDict/FmRealkp get exec}bind put}if/rc where{dup/rc get /FmRealrc FmXd/rc{dup 6 eq count 6 ge FrameMacDict/FmKs get 48 get 1 eq and and{pop pop pop pop pop FrameMacDict begin FmKs dup 49 get 0 exch getinterval cvx exec FmAn exch 4 2 roll FmAn1 exch 4 2 roll 6 FmKs 48 0 put end}if FrameMacDict/FmRealrc get exec}bind put}if 50 string/Fmzs FmXd/Fmfz{ Fmzs 0 2 index length 2 index 49 2 index put getinterval copy pop Fmzs 48 1 put }FmBd/fz where{dup/fz get/FmRealfz FmXd/fz{FrameMacDict/Fmzs get dup 48 get exch 48 0 put 1 eq{pop FrameMacDict/Fmzs get dup 49 get 0 exch getinterval cvx exec}if FrameMacDict/FmRealfz get exec}bind put}if/FmQP {/Fm6 FmXd FmAn/Fm4 FmXd/Fm3 FmXd FmAn/Fm2 FmXd/Fm1 FmXd Fm1 Fm2 Fm6 add moveto Fm1 Fm4 Fm3 Fm4 Fm6 arcto Fm3 Fm4 Fm3 Fm2 Fm6 arcto Fm3 Fm2 Fm1 Fm2 Fm6 arcto Fm1 Fm2 Fm1 Fm4 Fm6 arcto 16{pop}repeat closepath currentlinewidth exch FmLn setlinewidth stroke setlinewidth 0 0 moveto}FmBd/FmQF{/Fm6 FmXd FmAn /Fm4 FmXd/Fm3 FmXd FmAn/Fm2 FmXd/Fm1 FmXd Fm1 Fm2 Fm6 add moveto Fm1 Fm4 Fm3 Fm4 Fm6 arcto Fm3 Fm4 Fm3 Fm2 Fm6 arcto Fm3 Fm2 Fm1 Fm2 Fm6 arcto Fm1 Fm2 Fm1 Fm4 Fm6 arcto 16{pop}repeat fill 0 0 moveto}FmBd/FmRF{currentpoint 2 copy translate 4 2 roll{-1 1 scale}if rotate neg exch neg exch translate}FmBd/FmC {setrgbcolor}FmBd/fmkn{2 copy known{get true}{pop pop false}ifelse}FmBd /fmfp{exch currentfont dup/FontMatrix get exch/FontInfo fmkn{true} {currentfont/df fmkn{dup/FontInfo fmkn{3 1 roll/FontMatrix get mtx concatmatrix exch true}{pop pop pop false}ifelse}{pop pop false}ifelse }ifelse{3 -1 roll fmkn{exch 0 3 1 roll dtransform neg exch pop exch pop}{ pop exec}ifelse}{exec}ifelse}FmBd/fmdl{3 index 16 and 0 ne{gsave currentlinewidth 2. div dup rmoveto currentpoint newpath moveto 2 index 0 rlineto stroke grestore}if 3 index 24 and 0 ne{gsave currentrgbcolor dup 4 1 roll eq 3 1 roll eq and{1 currentgray sub setgray}{1 setgray}ifelse 2 index 0 rlineto stroke grestore gsave 2 index 0 rlineto strokepath .24 setlinewidth stroke grestore}{2 index 0 rlineto stroke}ifelse}FmBd/fmul{gsave/Fm2 FmXd currentpoint/UnderlineThickness{Fm2 15 div}fmfp abs dup setlinewidth /Fm1 FmXd 4 index 1 and 0 ne{newpath 2 copy moveto 0/UnderlinePosition{Fm2 10 div neg}fmfp neg rmoveto fmdl}if 4 index 2 and 0 ne{newpath 2 copy moveto 0/XHeight{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto (x) false charpath flattenpath pathbbox 4 -1 roll pop pop pop grestore dup 0 eq{pop Fm2 2. mul 3. div neg} if}fmfp 2. div rmoveto fmdl}if 4 index 4 and 0 ne{newpath 2 copy moveto 0 /CapHeight{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto (H) false charpath flattenpath pathbbox 4 -1 roll pop pop pop grestore dup 0 eq{pop Fm2 3. mul 4. div neg}if}fmfp Fm1 sub rmoveto fmdl}if pop pop pop pop pop grestore}FmBd/FmTX{/Fm3 FmXd /Fm2 FmXd/Fm1 FmXd 0 32 Fm1 Fm3 stringwidth pop Fm2 sub Fm3 length div sub 0 Fm3 awidthshow}FmBd/fm321routines[{.3 mul add 1}bind{.59 mul add 2}bind {.11 mul add round cvi Fms exch fmi exch put/fmi fmi 1 add FmD 0 0}bind ]def /fm321{/fmi 0 FmD 0 exch 0 exch{exch fm321routines exch get exec}forall pop pop Fms}FmBd/Fmcc{/FmPr2 exch cvlit FmD/FmPr1 exch cvlit FmD/FmPrn FmPr1 length FmPr2 length add array FmD FmPrn 0 FmPr1 putinterval FmPrn FmPr1 length FmPr2 putinterval FmPrn cvx}FmBd/Fmax{2 copy lt{exch}if pop}FmBd/Fmin{2 copy gt{exch}if pop}FmBd/Fmi{/Fm7 save FmD/Fm9 false FmD{{dup length 1 sub/FmGL FmXd/FmBC FmXd/FmNC FmXd/FmRC FmXd/FmGC FmGL 1 add array FmD systemdict/setcolortransfer known{currentcolortransfer/gryt FmXd/blut FmXd /grnt FmXd/redt FmXd 0 1 FmGL{/indx FmXd/cynu 1 FmRC indx get sub FmD/magu 1 FmNC indx get sub FmD/yelu 1 FmBC indx get sub FmD/FmK cynu magu Fmin yelu Fmin FmD/FmU FmK currentundercolorremoval exec FmD FmRC indx 1 0 cynu FmU sub Fmax sub redt exec put FmNC indx 1 0 magu FmU sub Fmax sub grnt exec put FmBC indx 1 0 yelu FmU sub Fmax sub blut exec put FmGC indx 1 FmK currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put}for{FmGL mul cvi FmRC exch get}{FmGL mul cvi FmNC exch get}{FmGL mul cvi FmBC exch get}{FmGL mul cvi FmGC exch get}setcolortransfer{pop 0}setundercolorremoval{} setblackgeneration/Fm9 true FmD}{0 1 FmGL{FmGC exch dup dup FmRC exch get .3 mul exch dup FmNC exch get .59 mul exch FmBC exch get .11 mul add add put} for{FmGL mul cvi FmGC exch get}currenttransfer Fmcc settransfer}ifelse}{ dup length 1 sub/FmGL FmXd/FmGC FmXd{FmGL mul cvi FmGC exch get }currenttransfer Fmcc settransfer}ifelse}{{{1 exch sub}currenttransfer Fmcc settransfer}if}ifelse/Fm5 FmXd/Fm8 FmXd/Fm6 FmXd/Fm3 FmXd/Fm4 FmXd translate scale{-1 1 scale}if rotate/Fm18 Fm8 dup 60000 ge{pop 60000}if string FmD Fm4 Fm3 Fm6 [Fm4 0 0 Fm3 Fm4 2 div Fm3 2 div]{currentfile Fm18 Fm5 {readstring}{readhexstring}ifelse pop}Fm9{{Fm18}{Fm18}true 3 colorimage} {image}ifelse Fm7 restore}FmBd/Fmci{/Fm7 save FmD/Fm5 FmXd/Fm8 FmXd/Fm6 FmXd/Fm3 FmXd/Fm4 FmXd systemdict/setcmykcolor known not{FmAn}if/Fm18 Fm8 dup 60000 ge{pop 60000}if string FmD/Fms Fm18 0 Fm18 length 3 idiv getinterval FmD translate scale{-1 1 scale}if rotate Fm4 Fm3 Fm6 [Fm4 0 0 Fm3 Fm4 2 div Fm3 2 div] systemdict/colorimage known{{currentfile Fm18 Fm5{readstring} {readhexstring}ifelse pop}false 3 colorimage}{{currentfile Fm18 Fm5 {readstring}{readhexstring}ifelse pop fm321}image}ifelse Fm7 restore}FmBd /FmAF{gsave newpath FmAn translate not{0.0 0.0 moveto}if FmDn scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath fill grestore}FmBd/FmAP{gsave FmLn setlinewidth setlinecap FmSm newpath 2 index 2 div add exch 3 index 2 div sub exch FmAn 2 index 2 div sub exch 3 index 2 div add exch translate scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc{closepath}if FmRm stroke grestore}FmBd/FmSu false def/FmCD ( ) def/FmSV ( ) def/FmER (\000) def/FmJS 100 string def/FmXC{/$brkpage where {pop}{FrameMacDict/FmSu false put FrameMacDict/FmCD get 0 countdictstack put currentfile cvx stopped clear FrameMacDict/FmSu get not{FrameMacDict /FmER get 0 1 put gsave initmatrix 0 setgray newpath{clippath pathbbox exch pop add 2. div newpath moveto}stopped clear (Courier-BoldOblique) findfont 18 scalefont setfont (PostScript error) show (A PostScript error occurred. \ FrameMaker is attempting recovery.) print flush FrameMacDict/FmJS get{dup currentfile exch{readline}stopped{clear FrameMacDict/FmJS get ( ) true}if not{exit}if (EndFramePicture) eq{exit}if}loop clear grestore}if countdictstack FrameMacDict/FmCD get 0 get sub dup 0 gt{{end}repeat}{pop }ifelse currentdict end FrameMacDict begin begin FmSV 0 get 0 ne{/FMSAVE where {/FMSAVE get restore}if}if}ifelse}FmBd/FmEP{FrameMacDict/FmSV get 0 1 put/FMSAVE save FmD [/ffl/fth/fh/fw/fy/fx/ury/urx/lly/llx]{FmXd} forall fx fw 2 div add fy fh 2 div add translate fw fh scale ffl{-1 1 scale}if fth neg rotate 1 urx llx sub div 1 lly ury sub div scale urx llx add 2 div neg ury lly add 2 div neg translate newpath llx lly moveto llx ury lineto urx ury lineto urx lly lineto closepath clip newpath currentdict end end begin /showpage{}def FrameMacDict/FmXC get exec}FmBd/FmPI{FrameMacDict/FmSV get 0 0 put currentdict end end begin FrameMacDict/FmXC get exec}FmBd/FmPc {FrameMacDict/FmSV get 0 1 put/FMSAVE save FmD currentdict end end begin /showpage{}def newpath 3 index neg 3 index neg translate 1 -1 scale 0.0 0.0 moveto FrameMacDict/FmXC get exec}FmBd/FmSp{statusdict begin /setpageparams where{pop setpageparams}{pop pop pop pop}ifelse end}FmBd /cd where{dup/cd get/FmRealcd FmXd/cd{FrameMacDict/FmER get 0 get 0 ne {gsave initgraphics{clippath pathbbox exch pop add 2. div newpath moveto} stopped clear (Courier-BoldOblique) findfont 18 scalefont setfont{grestore 0 -20 rmoveto}dup dup gsave (FrameMaker has detected one or more) show exec gsave (PostScript errors in this document.) show exec gsave (\() show statusdict/jobname get show (\)) show exec (Please check your output.) show grestore showpage}if FrameMacDict/FmRealcd get exec}bind put}if /FmOd{}FmBd/bigs where{/bigs get 7/FmOd load put}if/smalls where{ /smalls get 7/FmOd load put}if end currentdict end/EndFramePicture{ /$brkpage where{pop currentdict end FrameMacDict begin begin/FMSAVE where {/FMSAVE get restore}if}{FrameMacDict/FmSu true put stop}ifelse}bind def systemdict/alphaimage known not{/alphaimage{1 ne{limitcheck}if not {limitcheck}if pop image}bind def}if FrameMacDict begin begin %%EndProcSet T T 0 0 797 560 -22 -17 819 577 100 72 72 3 F F F F T F T F psu (campbell; document: survey-msj-camera-draft)jn 0 mf od %%EndDocumentSetup %%Page: ? 1 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs bu fc {}mark T /Times-Bold /|______Times-Bold 0 rf bn 18 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 162.356 86 FmM 0 0 12.995(A)FmTX 174.362 86 FmM 0 0 119.988( Survey of QoS )FmTX 293.362 86 FmM 0 0 20.984(Ar)FmTX 314.025 86 FmM 0 0 68.95(chitectur)FmTX 382.654 86 FmM 0 0 14.99(es)FmTX 0 4 gm 2 fs bu fc {}mark T /Times-Italic /|______Times-Italic 0 rf bn 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 155.098 116.667 FmM 0 0 35.283(Cristina )FmTX 190.203 116.667 FmM 0 0 14.998(Aur)FmTX 205.2 116.667 FmM 0 0 3.889(r)FmTX 208.721 116.667 FmM 0 0 44.692(ecoechea, )FmTX 253.235 116.667 FmM 0 0 19.998(Andr)FmTX 272.864 116.667 FmM 0 0 19.167(ew T)FmTX 291.292 116.667 FmM 0 0 113.611(. Campbell and Linda Hauw)FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc {}mark T /Times-Roman /|______Times-Roman 0 rf bn bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 199.229 128.667 FmM 0 0 43.308(Center for )FmTX 242.358 128.667 FmM 0 0 6.108(T)FmTX 247.769 128.667 FmM 0 0 113.003(elecommunication Research)FmTX 179.686 140.667 FmM 0 0 84.153(Columbia University)FmTX 263.19 140.667 FmM 0 0 26.377(, New )FmTX 289.198 140.667 FmM 0 0 7.219(Y)FmTX 295.419 140.667 FmM 0 0 32.766(ork, NY)FmTX 327.816 140.667 FmM 0 0 52.498( 10027, USA)FmTX 379.764 140.667 FmM 0 0 2.5( )FmTX 179.24 152.667 FmM 0 0 45.549(http://www)FmTX 224.139 152.667 FmM 0 0 13.044(.ctr)FmTX 236.635 152.667 FmM 0 0 146.626(.columbia.edu/comet/members.html )FmTX 185.297 164.667 FmM 0 0 133.306(e-mail: [cris,campbell,linda]@ctr)FmTX 318.053 164.667 FmM 0 0 56.65(.columbia.edu)FmTX 0 8 gm 3 fs bu fc {}mark T /Times-BoldItalic /|______Times-BoldItalic 0 rf bn 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-BoldItalic fnt bn ( )show 259.334 202 FmM 0 0 41.332(Abstract)FmTX 0 11 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 87.386 226 FmM 0.691 0 153.604(Over the past several years ther)FmTX 244.001 226 FmM 0.691 0 183.624(e has been a considerable amount of r)FmTX 432.019 226 FmM 0.691 0 25.986(esear)FmTX 457.563 226 FmM 0.691 0 11.326(ch)FmTX 87.386 240 FmM 1.082 0 56.666(within the \336)FmTX 146.217 240 FmM 1.082 0 93.316(eld of quality of ser)FmTX 243.863 240 FmM 1.082 0 87.296(vice \(QoS\) suppor)FmTX 333.323 240 FmM 1.082 0 132.319(t for distributed multimedia)FmTX 87.386 254 FmM 0.208 0 49.321(systems. T)FmTX 135.814 254 FmM 0.208 0 326.61(o date, most of the work has been within the context of individual ar)FmTX 464.896 254 FmM 0.208 0 3.993(-)FmTX 87.386 268 FmM 1.769 0 365.578(chitectural layers such as the distributed system platform, operating system,)FmTX 87.386 282 FmM -0.583 0 41.335(transpor)FmTX 128.721 282 FmM -0.583 0 185.622(t subsystem and network. Much less pr)FmTX 310.401 282 FmM -0.583 0 16.667(ogr)FmTX 326.625 282 FmM -0.583 0 126.97(ess has been made in addr)FmTX 450.236 282 FmM -0.583 0 18.653(ess-)FmTX 87.386 296 FmM 0.592 0 200.616(ing the issue of overall end-to-end suppor)FmTX 291.556 296 FmM 0.592 0 174.964(t for multimedia communications. In)FmTX 87.386 310 FmM 0.065 0 4.667(r)FmTX 91.61 310 FmM 0.065 0 154.98(ecognition of this, a number of r)FmTX 246.538 310 FmM 0.065 0 25.986(esear)FmTX 272.082 310 FmM 0.065 0 81.636(ch teams have pr)FmTX 353.47 310 FmM 0.065 0 115.289(oposed the development)FmTX 87.386 324 FmM -0.204 0 46.664(of QoS ar)FmTX 133.199 324 FmM -0.204 0 42.647(chitectur)FmTX 175.404 324 FmM -0.204 0 167.634(es which incorporate quality of ser)FmTX 342.018 324 FmM -0.204 0 45.639(vice con\336)FmTX 387.452 324 FmM -0.204 0 81.642(gurable interfac-)FmTX 87.386 338 FmM -0.228 0 97.315(es and quality of ser)FmTX 183.789 338 FmM -0.228 0 81.293(vice driven contr)FmTX 264.184 338 FmM -0.228 0 175.286(ol and management mechanisms acr)FmTX 438.115 338 FmM -0.228 0 31.002(oss all)FmTX 87.386 352 FmM -0.584 0 10.667(ar)FmTX 97.61 352 FmM -0.584 0 279.571(chitectural layers. This paper examines the state-of-the-ar)FmTX 373.678 352 FmM -0.584 0 96.964(t in the development)FmTX 87.386 366 FmM 0.474 0 46.664(of QoS ar)FmTX 134.556 366 FmM 0.474 0 42.647(chitectur)FmTX 176.761 366 FmM 0.474 0 59.657(es. The appr)FmTX 236.924 366 FmM 0.474 0 89.314(oach taken is to pr)FmTX 327.692 366 FmM 0.474 0 139.301(esent QoS terminology and a)FmTX 87.386 380 FmM -0.232 0 364.277(generalised QoS framework for understanding and discussing quality of ser)FmTX 449.577 380 FmM -0.232 0 19.313(vice)FmTX 87.386 394 FmM 0.477 0 376.257(in the context of distributed multimedia systems. Following this, we evaluate a)FmTX 87.386 408 FmM 0 0 86.32(number of QoS ar)FmTX 173.264 408 FmM 0 0 42.647(chitectur)FmTX 215.469 408 FmM 0 0 84.296(es that have emer)FmTX 299.322 408 FmM 0 0 90.316(ged in the literatur)FmTX 389.196 408 FmM 0 0 11.326(e. )FmTX 0 14 gm 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 439.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(1.)FmTX 64 439.333 FmM 0 0 24.1(Intr)FmTX 87.851 439.333 FmM 0 0 52.11(oduction)FmTX 0 17 gm 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 463 FmM 0.589 0 461.517(Meeting quality of service \(QoS\) guarantees in distributed multimedia systems is fundamentally)FmTX 46 477 FmM 1.228 0 454.488(an end-to-end issue, that is, from application-to-application. Consider, for example, the remote)FmTX 46 491 FmM -0.219 0 355.884(playout of a sequence of audio and video: in the distributed system platfor)FmTX 399.26 491 FmM -0.219 0 115.614(m, quality of service as-)FmTX 46 505 FmM -0.342 0 192.612(surances should apply to the complete \337)FmTX 236.558 505 FmM -0.342 0 280.866(ow of media, from the remote server across the network to)FmTX 46 519 FmM -0.362 0 105.636(the point/s of delivery)FmTX 149.77 519 FmM -0.362 0 6(. )FmTX 154.748 519 FmM -0.362 0 362.874(As illustrated in Figure 1, this generally requires end-to-end admission test-)FmTX 46 533 FmM 1.038 0 175.257(ing and resource reservation in the \336)FmTX 227.482 533 FmM 1.038 0 278.218(rst instance, followed by careful co-ordination of disk and)FmTX 46 547 FmM 0.396 0 315.56(thread scheduling in the end-system, packet/cell scheduling and \337)FmTX 364.731 547 FmM 0.396 0 147.287(ow control in the network, and)FmTX 46 561 FmM -0.203 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 52.671 561 FmM -0.203 0 366.516(nally active monitoring and maintenance of the delivered quality of service. )FmTX 416.297 561 FmM -0.203 0 8.663(A)FmTX 424.301 561 FmM -0.203 0 90.308( key observation is)FmTX 46 575 FmM 1.5 0 448.5(that for applications relying on the transfer of multimedia, and in particular continuous media)FmTX 46 589 FmM 0.602 0 6.671(\337)FmTX 52.671 589 FmM 0.602 0 232.6(ows, it is essential that quality of service is con\336)FmTX 290.69 589 FmM 0.602 0 220.901(gurable, predictable and maintainable system-)FmTX 46 603 FmM 0.497 0 463.529(wide, including the end-system devices, communications subsystem and networks. Furthermore,)FmTX 46 617 FmM -0.084 0 469.181(it is also important that all end-to-end elements of distributed systems architecture work in unison)FmTX 46 631 FmM 0 0 237.894(to achieve the desired application level behaviour)FmTX 283.234 631 FmM 0 0 3(.)FmTX 46 655 FmM 0.208 0 7.33(T)FmTX 52.492 655 FmM 0.208 0 458.177(o date, most of the developments in the provision of quality of service support have occurred in)FmTX 46 669 FmM -0.438 0 474.135(the context of individual architectural layers [20]. Much less progress has been made in addressing)FmTX 46 683 FmM -0.495 0 352.198(the issue of an overall QoS architecture for multimedia communications. )FmTX 393.033 683 FmM -0.495 0 119.93(There has been, however)FmTX 511 683 FmM -0.495 0 3(,)FmTX 46 697 FmM 1.046 0 455.452(considerable progress in the separate areas of Open Distributed Processing \(ODP\) [20-28], end)FmTX 46 711 FmM 0.964 0 454.5(system [29-35] and network [36-66] support for quality of service. In end-systems, most of the)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 2 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0.269 0 255.885(progress has been made in the areas of scheduling [1)FmTX 304.132 82 FmM 0.269 0 68.637(1] [12] [31], \337)FmTX 373.576 82 FmM 0.269 0 139.617(ow synchronisation [18] [19])FmTX 46 96 FmM -0.456 0 433.816(and transport support [36-45]. In networks, research has focused on providing suitable traf)FmTX 474.131 96 FmM -0.456 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 480.802 96 FmM -0.456 0 33.653(c mod-)FmTX 46 110 FmM -0.102 0 469.43(els [2] and service disciplines [52], as well as appropriate admission control and resource reserva-)FmTX 46 124 FmM 1.418 0 360.158(tion protocols [48] [51] [53]. Many current network architectures, however)FmTX 418.444 124 FmM 1.418 0 91.301(, address quality of)FmTX 46 138 FmM 0.633 0 459.771(service from a providers point of view and analyze network performance, failing to comprehen-)FmTX 46 152 FmM -0.389 0 473.833(sively address the quality needs of applications. Until recently there has been little work on quality)FmTX 46 166 FmM -0.507 0 248.593(of service support in distributed systems platforms. )FmTX 290.828 166 FmM -0.507 0 227.229(What work there is has been mainly carried out)FmTX 46 180 FmM 0 0 122.965(in the context of the ODP)FmTX 168.522 180 FmM 0 0 28.986( [27]. )FmTX 46 204 FmM -0.556 0 475.778(The current state of QoS provision in architectural frameworks can be summarized as follows [20]:)FmTX 81 228 FmM -0.42 0 10.327(i\) )FmTX 0 3 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 90.907 228 FmM -0.42 0 73.304(incompleteness)FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 164.21 228 FmM -0.42 0 349.816(: current interfaces \(e.g., application programming interfaces such as Ber)FmTX 510.007 228 FmM -0.42 0 3.993(-)FmTX 82.428 242 FmM 0.361 0 205.254(keley Sockets\) are generally not QoS con\336)FmTX 289.849 242 FmM 0.361 0 221.262(gurable and provide only a small subset of the)FmTX 82.428 256 FmM 0 0 297.214(facilities needed for control and management of multimedia \337)FmTX 379.642 256 FmM 0 0 25.664(ows; )FmTX 81 274 FmM -0.579 0 13.661(ii\) )FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 94.082 274 FmM -0.579 0 142.635(lack of mechanisms to suppor)FmTX 234.4 274 FmM -0.579 0 83.317(t QoS guarantees)FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 316.559 274 FmM -0.579 0 200.915(: research is needed in distributed control,)FmTX 82.428 288 FmM 0.423 0 426.495(monitoring and maintenance QoS mechanisms so that contracted levels of service can be)FmTX 82.428 302 FmM 0 0 136.266(predictable and assured; and)FmTX 81 320 FmM -0.12 0 16.995(iii\) )FmTX 0 15 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 97.875 320 FmM -0.12 0 142.295(lack of an overall framework)FmTX 0 18 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 239.568 320 FmM -0.12 0 275.514(: it is necessary to develop an overall architectural frame-)FmTX 82.428 334 FmM -0.004 0 381.548(work to build upon and reconcile the existing notion of quality of service at dif)FmTX 463.704 334 FmM -0.004 0 50.3(ferent sys-)FmTX 82.428 348 FmM 0 0 121.295(tem levels and among dif)FmTX 203.509 348 FmM 0 0 140.575(ferent network architectures. )FmTX 194.192 488.708 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 228.517 488.708 FmM 0 0 137.291(1. End-to-End QoS Scenario)FmTX 46 512.708 FmM -0.475 0 475.128(In recognition of the above limitations, a number of research teams have proposed a systems archi-)FmTX 46 526.708 FmM -0.63 0 348.492(tectural approach to QoS provision. In this paper these are referred to as )FmTX 0 21 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 386.308 526.708 FmM -0.63 0 86.971(QoS architectures)FmTX 0 24 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 472.65 526.708 FmM -0.63 0 41.979( [67-90].)FmTX 46 540.708 FmM 0.305 0 248.555(The intention of QoS architecture research is to de\336)FmTX 296.992 540.708 FmM 0.305 0 162.264(ne a set of quality of service con\336)FmTX 461.389 540.708 FmM 0.305 0 52.307(gurable in-)FmTX 46 554.708 FmM 0.581 0 460.447(terfaces that formalize quality of service in the end-system and network, providing a framework)FmTX 46 568.708 FmM 0 0 372.85(for the integration of quality of service control and management mechanisms.)FmTX 46 592.708 FmM 0.134 0 190.257(In this paper we present, in section 2, a )FmTX 0 27 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 237.464 592.708 FmM 0.134 0 137.631(generalized QoS framework )FmTX 0 30 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 375.497 592.708 FmM 0.134 0 78.981(and terminology)FmTX 0 33 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 454.612 587.908 FmM 0.112 0 5(1)FmTX 459.612 592.708 FmM 0.112 0 2.5( )FmTX 0 35 gm 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 462.224 592.708 FmM 0.134 0 51.642(for distrib-)FmTX 46 606.708 FmM -0.027 0 425.534(uted multimedia applications operating over multimedia networks with QoS guarantees. )FmTX 471.051 606.708 FmM -0.027 0 42.976(The gen-)FmTX 46 620.708 FmM 3.234 0 419.49(eralized QoS framework is based on a set of principles that govern the behavior of QoS)FmTX 46 634.708 FmM -0.7 0 477.794(architectures. Following this, we evaluate a number of QoS architectures found in the literature that)FmTX 46 648.708 FmM 0.516 0 462.835(have been developed by the telecommunications, computer communications and standards com-)FmTX 46 662.708 FmM -0.689 0 47.329(munities. )FmTX 92.426 662.708 FmM -0.689 0 11.326(W)FmTX 102.795 662.708 FmM -0.689 0 420.85(e then present a short qualitative comparison and discussion in sections 4 and 5, respec-)FmTX 46 676.708 FmM 0 0 27.328(tively)FmTX 72.549 676.708 FmM 0 0 39.999(. Finally)FmTX 111.769 676.708 FmM 0 0 91.304(, in section 6 we of)FmTX 202.858 676.708 FmM 0 0 142.6(fer some concluding remarks.)FmTX (46 696 514 711)FmKp 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 696 46 711 514 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 55 698 FmM 199 698 FmL false 2 0.5 FmSt 1 1 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 64 717 FmM 0 0 6.75(1.)FmTX 76 717 FmM 0 0 282.382(Where appropriate we have adopted the standard terminology of the ISO QoS )FmTX 358.221 717 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 365.998 717 FmM 0 0 68.227(orking Group [67].)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (67.153 366 492.847 468.708)FmKp (nc 366 67 469 493 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -4 0 23 0 tc 7560 27027 6440 19419 th 1 1 pen 396 150 gm tt F 1 setTxMode 2 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (io devices)show te tu (nc 379 150 405 185 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -4 0 22 0 tc ts 397 169 gm tt (io buffers)show te tu (nc 381 168 407 202 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -3 0 30 0 tc ts 394 188 gm tt (os processes)show te tu (nc 376 187 407 231 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -3 0 34 0 tc ts 393 207 gm tt (protocol stack)show te tu (nc 373 206 407 256 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -3 0 30 0 tc ts 394 226 gm tt (internetwork)show te tu (nc 376 226 407 271 6 rc)kp 4 3 pen 411 134 gm (nc 372 73 464 484 6 rc)kp 0 gr 411 250 lin 1 1 pen 405 153 gm 417 153 lin 405 172 gm 417 172 lin 406 193 gm 418 193 lin 406 212 gm 418 212 lin 406 231 gm 418 231 lin pr 414 405 pl 418 389 pl 414 389 pl 409 389 pl 414 405 pl 1 ep 4 3 pen 411 387 gm 411 288 lin 1 1 pen 407 384 gm 419 384 lin 407 365 gm 419 365 lin 407 345 gm 419 345 lin 406 326 gm 418 326 lin 407 307 gm 419 307 lin 409 286 418 293 1 ov 409.5 286.5 417.5 292.5 0 ov 405 299 gm 419 279 lin 407 248 417 255 1 ov 407.5 248.5 416.5 254.5 0 ov 405 261 gm 418 240 lin nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -3 0 22 0 tc ts 397 362 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (io buffers)show te tu (nc 383 360 407 395 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -4 0 29 0 tc ts 397 339 gm tt (os processes)show te tu (nc 379 339 410 383 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -3 0 33 0 tc ts 393 324 gm tt (protocol stack)show te tu (nc 373 324 406 373 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -4 0 30 0 tc ts 396 302 gm tt (internetwork)show te tu (nc 377 302 409 347 6 rc)kp (nc 372 73 464 484 6 rc)kp 0 gr pr 429 130 pl 425 139 pl 429 139 pl 431 139 pl 429 130 pl 1 ep pr 429 402 pl 431 392 pl 429 392 pl 425 392 pl 429 402 pl 1 ep 429 139 gm 429 392 lin 64 gr 425 157 435 355 1 rc ts 432 159 gm tu (nc 425 157 435 355 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (end-to-end admission control and resource reservation)show tu ts 448 123 gm tu (nc 440 122 451 217 6 rc)kp ts (disk and thread scheduling)show tu (nc 372 73 464 484 6 rc)kp 48 gr 405 127 419 139 1 ov 0 gr 405.5 127.5 418.5 138.5 0 ov ts 415 74 gm tu (nc 407 74 418 121 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (media source)show tu ts 417 408 gm tu (nc 409 404 419 483 6 rc)kp ts (playout device \(1:N\))show tu ts 460 197 gm tu (nc 453 194 463 324 6 rc)kp ts ( packet scheduling and flow control)show tu ts 448 288 gm tu (nc 440 288 451 406 6 rc)kp ts (QoS monitoring and maintenance)show tu (nc 372 73 464 484 6 rc)kp 64 gr 407 258 418 279 1 rc ts 415 261 gm tu (nc 407 258 418 279 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (flow)show tu nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 335.99977 tp -4 0 23 0 tc ts 397 382 gm tt (io devices)show te tu (nc 380 381 407 416 6 rc)kp EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 366 67 469 493 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 3 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 83.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(2.)FmTX 64 83.333 FmM 0 0 178.449(Generalised QoS Framework )FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 107 FmM -0.307 0 473.227(In what follows, a set of elements used in building QoS into distributed multimedia systems is de-)FmTX 46 121 FmM 0.066 0 40.646(scribed. )FmTX 86.712 121 FmM 0.066 0 426.495(This includes QoS principles which govern the construction of a generalized QoS frame-)FmTX 46 135 FmM -0.716 0 119.291(work, QoS specification )FmTX 163.144 135 FmM -0.716 0 245.892(which captures application-level QoS requirements)FmTX 406.172 135 FmM -0.716 0 109.975(, and QoS mechanisms)FmTX 46 149 FmM 0 0 309.196(which realize the desired application end-to-end QoS behaviour.)FmTX 0 6 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 173 FmM 0 0 100.324(2.1 QoS Principles)FmTX 0 9 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 190 FmM 0 0 8.663(A)FmTX 54.004 190 FmM 0 0 387.179( number of QoS principles motivate the design of a generalized QoS framework:)FmTX 441.183 190 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 64 214 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 12 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 214 FmM 0.847 0 102.65(integration principle )FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 186.345 214 FmM 0.847 0 320.877(states that QoS must be configurable, predictable and maintainable)FmTX 82 228 FmM -0.205 0 301.195(over all architectural layers to meet end-to-end QoS [2]. Flows)FmTX 0 18 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 381.355 223.2 FmM -0.17 0 5(1)FmTX 0 20 gm 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 386.355 228 FmM -0.205 0 128.259( traverse resource modules)FmTX 82 242 FmM 0.571 0 425.147(\(e.g., CPU, memory, multimedia devices, network, etc.\) at each layer from source media)FmTX 82 256 FmM -0.602 0 439.825(devices, down through the source protocol stack, across the network, up through the receiv-)FmTX 82 270 FmM -0.448 0 437.824(er protocol stack to the playout devices. Each resource module traversed must provide QoS)FmTX 82 284 FmM -0.346 0 435.806(configurability \(based on a QoS specification\), resource guarantees \(provided by QoS con-)FmTX 82 298 FmM 0 0 265.239(trol mechanisms\) and maintenance of on-going flows; )FmTX 64 314 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 23 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 314 FmM 0.85 0 100.649(separation principle )FmTX 0 26 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 184.35 314 FmM 0.85 0 322.849(states that media transfer, control and management are functionally)FmTX 82 328 FmM -0.734 0 440.81(distinct architectural activities [69]. The principle states that these tasks should be separated)FmTX 82 342 FmM 0.432 0 426.82(in architectural QoS frameworks. One aspect of this separation is the distinction between)FmTX 82 356 FmM -0.103 0 433.131(signalling and media-transfer. Flows \(which are isochronous in nature\) generally require a)FmTX 82 370 FmM -0.27 0 435.504(wide variety of high bandwidth, low latency, non-assured services with some form of jitter)FmTX 82 384 FmM -0.27 0 435.516(correction. On the other hand, signalling \(which is full duplex and asynchronous in nature\))FmTX 82 398 FmM 0 0 269.206(generally requires low bandwidth, assured-type services)FmTX 0 29 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 351.206 398 FmM 0 0 3.993(;)FmTX 0 32 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 64 414 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 35 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 414 FmM 0.405 0 112.635(transparency principle )FmTX 0 38 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 195.445 414 FmM 0.405 0 314.906(states that applications should be shielded from the complexity of)FmTX 82 428 FmM 0.183 0 430.172(underlying QoS specification and QoS management. An important aspect of transparency)FmTX 82 442 FmM -0.543 0 440.145(is the QoS-based API [74] [9] at which desired QoS levels are stated \(see QoS management)FmTX 82 456 FmM 0.613 0 422.81(policy in section 2.2\). The benefits of transparency are that it reduces the need to embed)FmTX 82 470 FmM -0.625 0 439.5(functionality in the application, hides the detail of underlying service specification from the)FmTX 82 484 FmM 0.289 0 428.534(application and it delegates the complexity of handling QoS management activities to the)FmTX 82 498 FmM 0 0 116.95(underlying framework; )FmTX 64 514 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 41 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 514 FmM -0.65 0 138.624(multiple timescales principle)FmTX 0 44 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 219.323 514 FmM -0.65 0 299.88( [69] guides the division of functionality between architectural)FmTX 82 528 FmM -0.245 0 435.185(modules and pertains to the modeling of control and management mechanisms. It is neces-)FmTX 82 542 FmM -0.034 0 432.472(sitated by, and is a direct reflection of, fundamental time contraints that operate in parallel)FmTX 82 556 FmM -0.516 0 437.162(between resource management activities \(e.g., scheduling, flow control, routing, QoS man-)FmTX 82 570 FmM 0 0 308.572(agement, etc.\) in distributed communications environments; and)FmTX 0 47 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 64 584.667 FmM 0 0 3.499(\245)FmTX 0 49 gm 2 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 584.667 FmM 0.348 0 107.631(performance principle)FmTX 0 52 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 189.978 584.667 FmM 0.348 0 320.546( subsumes a number of widely agreed rules for the implementation)FmTX 82 596.667 FmM -0.141 0 433.553(of QoS-driven communications systems which guide the division of functionality in struc-)FmTX 82 608.667 FmM 0.105 0 430.84(turing communication protocols for high performance in accordance with systems design)FmTX 82 620.667 FmM 0.351 0 428.839(principles [6], avoidance of multiplexing [7], recommendations for structuring communi-)FmTX 82 632.667 FmM -0.295 0 436.131(cations protocols [8], and the use of hardware assists for efficient protocol processing [40])FmTX 82 644.667 FmM 0 0 19.986([55])FmTX 0 55 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 101.986 644.667 FmM 0 0 5(. )FmTX (46 652 514 667)FmKp 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 652 46 667 514 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 55 654 FmM 199 654 FmL false 2 0.5 FmSt 1 1 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 8 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 64 673 FmM 0 0 6.012(1.)FmTX 0 1 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 76 673 FmM 0 0 62.486(The notion of a \337)FmTX 138.486 673 FmM 0 0 350.38(ow is an important abstraction which underpins the development of QoS frameworks. Flows char)FmTX 488.688 673 FmM 0 0 2.995(-)FmTX 76 684 FmM 0 0 418.592(acterize the production, transmission and eventual consumption of a single media source \(viz. audio, video, data\) as )FmTX 76 695 FmM -0.061 0 421.088(integrated activities governed by single statements of end-to-end QoS. Flows are simplex in nature and can be either )FmTX 76 706 FmM -0.095 0 421.328(unicast or multicast. Flows generally require end-to-end admission control and resource reservation, and support het-)FmTX 76 717 FmM 0 0 93.469(erogeneous QoS demands)FmTX 0 3 gm 8 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 169.47 717 FmM 0 0 2.004(.)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 4 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0 0 83.004(2.2 QoS Speci\336)FmTX 129.004 82 FmM 0 0 31.324(cation)FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 99 FmM 0.895 0 55.658(QoS speci\336)FmTX 102.553 99 FmM 0.895 0 402.498(cation is concerned with capturing application level QoS requirements and manage-)FmTX 46 113 FmM -0.463 0 125.974(ment policies. QoS speci\336)FmTX 170.586 113 FmM -0.463 0 104.288(cation is generally dif)FmTX 273.273 113 FmM -0.463 0 223.57(ferent at each system layer and is used to con\336)FmTX 492.68 113 FmM -0.463 0 21.319(gure)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0.582 0 459.853(and maintain QoS mechanisms resident in the end-system and network. For example, at the dis-)FmTX 46 141 FmM 0.046 0 202.942(tributed system platform level QoS speci\336)FmTX 249.173 141 FmM 0.046 0 264.551(cation is primarily application-oriented rather than sys-)FmTX 46 155 FmM 0.275 0 98.613(tem-oriented. Lower)FmTX 144.651 155 FmM 0.275 0 366.873(-level considerations such as tightness of synchronisation of multiple related)FmTX 46 169 FmM -0.115 0 86.317(audio and video \337)FmTX 131.974 169 FmM -0.115 0 165.601(ows, or the rate and burst size of \337)FmTX 296.658 169 FmM -0.115 0 218.259(ows, or the details of thread scheduling in the)FmTX 46 183 FmM 0.179 0 274.603(end-system should all be hidden at this level. QoS speci\336)FmTX 322.216 183 FmM 0.179 0 190.887(cation is therefore declarative in nature:)FmTX 46 197 FmM 1.055 0 452.177(applications specify what is required rather than how this is to be achieved by underlying QoS)FmTX 46 211 FmM 0 0 185.596(mechanisms. Quality of service speci\336)FmTX 231.596 211 FmM 0 0 168.612(cation encompasses the following: )FmTX 64 235 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 6 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 235 FmM -0.314 0 164.643(flow synchronisation specification)FmTX 0 9 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 246.014 235 FmM -0.314 0 270.188(, which characterizes the degree of synchronisation \(i.e.,)FmTX 82 249 FmM -0.117 0 433.169(tightness\) between multiple related flows [18]. For example, simultaneously recorded vid-)FmTX 82 263 FmM 0.396 0 426.451(eo perspectives must be played in precise frame by frame synchrony so that relevant fea-)FmTX 82 277 FmM -0.101 0 433.21(tures may be simultaneously observed. On the other hand, lip synchronization in multime-)FmTX 82 291 FmM -0.323 0 436.843(dia flows does not need to be absolutely precise [19] when the main information channel is)FmTX 82 305 FmM 0 0 315.879(auditory and video is only used to enhance the sense of presence; )FmTX 64 321 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 12 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 321 FmM 0.525 0 152.297(flow performance specification,)FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 235.348 321 FmM 0.525 0 274.975( which characterizes the user\'s flow performance require-)FmTX 82 335 FmM 0.727 0 421.822(ments [5]. The ability to guarantee traffic throughput rates, delay, jitter and loss rates, is)FmTX 82 349 FmM 0.313 0 429.809(particularly important for multimedia communications. These performance-based metrics)FmTX 82 363 FmM -0.388 0 437.818(are likely to vary from one application to another. To be able to commit necessary end-sys-)FmTX 82 377 FmM 0.682 0 423.814(tem and network resources QoS frameworks must have prior knowledge of the expected)FmTX 82 391 FmM 0 0 420.396(traffic characteristics associated with each flow before resource guarantees can be met; )FmTX 64 407 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 18 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 407 FmM 0.808 0 77.953(level of service, )FmTX 0 21 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 162.378 407 FmM 0.808 0 345.155(which specifies the degree of end-to-end resource commitment required)FmTX 82 421 FmM 0.853 0 421.77(\(e.g, deterministic [49], predictive [47] and best effort [8]\). While the flow performance)FmTX 82 435 FmM -0.26 0 435.123(specification permits the user to express the required performance metrics in a quantitative)FmTX 82 449 FmM 0.014 0 431.795(manner, level of service allows these requirements to be refined in a qualitative way to al-)FmTX 82 463 FmM 0.182 0 429.454(low a distinction to be made between hard and soft performance guarantees. Level of ser-)FmTX 82 477 FmM -0.278 0 436.45(vice expresses a degree of certainty that the QoS levels requested at the time of flow estab-)FmTX 82 491 FmM 0 0 209.268(lishment or re-negotiation will be honored;)FmTX 64 507 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 24 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 507 FmM 0.526 0 117.296(QoS management policy)FmTX 0 27 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 200.348 507 FmM 0.526 0 307.866(, which captures the degree of QoS adaptation [74] that the flow)FmTX 82 521 FmM -0.198 0 435.17(can tolerate and scaling actions to be taken in the event of violations in the contracted QoS)FmTX 82 535 FmM 0.528 0 426.193([86]. By trading-off temporal and spatial quality to available bandwidth, or manipulating)FmTX 82 549 FmM 0.984 0 418.219(the playout time of continuous media in response to variation in delay, audio and video)FmTX 82 563 FmM 0.114 0 430.515(flows can be presented at the playout device with minimal perceptual distortion. The QoS)FmTX 82 577 FmM -0.185 0 433.846(management policy also includes application-level selection for QoS indications \(aka QoS)FmTX 82 591 FmM 0.456 0 425.156(alerts [67]\) in the case of violations in the requested quality of service, and periodic QoS)FmTX 82 605 FmM -0.088 0 432.876(availability notifications for bandwidth, delay, jitter and loss. QoS availability notification)FmTX 82 619 FmM 0 0 223.228(are suitable for adaptive applications [13]; and)FmTX 64 635 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 30 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 635 FmM -0.067 0 74.634(cost of service, )FmTX 0 33 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 156.433 635 FmM -0.067 0 358.503(which specifies the price the user is willing to incur for the level of service)FmTX 82 649 FmM -0.557 0 439.802([10]. Cost of service is a very important factor when considering QoS specification. If there)FmTX 82 663 FmM -0.226 0 435.844(is no notion of cost of service involved in QoS specification, there is no reason for the user)FmTX 82 677 FmM 0 0 388.834(to select anything other than maximum level of service, e.g., guaranteed service. )FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 5 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0 0 112.986(2.3 QoS Mechanisms)FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 99 FmM 1.154 0 190.257(QoS mechanisms are selected and con\336)FmTX 242.026 99 FmM 1.154 0 215.265(gured according to user supplied QoS speci\336)FmTX 464.213 99 FmM 1.154 0 48.633(cation, re-)FmTX 46 113 FmM 0.565 0 249.554(source availability and resource management policy)FmTX 297.597 113 FmM 0.565 0 213.58(. In resource management, QoS mechanisms)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0.268 0 253.526(are categorized as either static or dynamic in nature: )FmTX 0 6 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 301.939 127 FmM 0.268 0 33.662(static r)FmTX 335.427 127 FmM 0.268 0 26.66(esour)FmTX 361.645 127 FmM 0.268 0 74.965(ce management)FmTX 0 9 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 436.877 127 FmM 0.268 0 61.655( deals with \337)FmTX 499.337 127 FmM 0.268 0 14.663(ow)FmTX 46 141 FmM 0.743 0 452.836(establishment and end-to-end QoS re-negotiation phases \(which we describe as QoS provision)FmTX 507.006 141 FmM 0.743 0 6.993(\),)FmTX 46 155 FmM -0.608 0 20.326(and )FmTX 0 12 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 65.719 155 FmM -0.608 0 48.316(dynamic r)FmTX 112.985 155 FmM -0.608 0 26.66(esour)FmTX 139.203 155 FmM -0.608 0 74.965(ce management)FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 213.56 155 FmM -0.608 0 306.516( deals with the media-transfer phase \(which we describe as QoS)FmTX 46 169 FmM 0.394 0 128.613(control and management\). )FmTX 175.581 169 FmM 0.394 0 334.875(The distinction between QoS control and QoS management is charac-)FmTX 46 183 FmM -0.437 0 81.627(terized by the dif)FmTX 126.103 183 FmM -0.437 0 393.138(ferent timescales which they operate over: QoS control operates on a faster times-)FmTX 46 197 FmM 0 0 134.613(cale than QoS management.)FmTX 0 18 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 221 FmM 0 0 70.661(2.3.1 QoS Pr)FmTX 116.447 221 FmM 0 0 102.987(ovision Mechanisms)FmTX 0 21 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 238 FmM 0 0 281.276(QoS provision is comprised of the following components: )FmTX 64 262 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 24 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 262 FmM 0.785 0 65.66(QoS mapping)FmTX 0 27 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 148.445 262 FmM 0.785 0 358.494(, which performs the function of automatic translation between representa-)FmTX 82 276 FmM -0.704 0 441.155(tions of QoS at different system levels \(i.e., operating system, transport layer, network, etc.\))FmTX 82 290 FmM -0.122 0 433.828(and thus relieves the user of the necessity of thinking in terms of lower level specification.)FmTX 82 304 FmM -0.402 0 436.825(For example, the transport level QoS specification may express flow requirements in terms)FmTX 82 318 FmM 0.299 0 427.813(of level of service, average and peak bandwidth, jitter, loss and delay constraints. For ad-)FmTX 82 332 FmM 0.528 0 426.188(mission testing and resource allocation purposes this representation must be translated to)FmTX 82 346 FmM -0.581 0 439.556(something more meaningful to the end-system. As illustrated in Figure 2, QoS mapping de-)FmTX 82 360 FmM 2.243 0 402.835(rives the scheduler QoS parameters \(viz. period, quantum and deadline times of the)FmTX 82 374 FmM 0 0 325.169(threads\) from the transport level QoS specification parameters [34];)FmTX 146.039 494 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 180.363 494 FmM 0 0 233.599(2. QoS Parameters derived during QoS Mapping)FmTX 64 518 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 30 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 518 FmM 1.516 0 83.66(admission testing)FmTX 0 33 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 167.176 518 FmM 1.516 0 333.185(, which is responsible for comparing the resource requirement arising)FmTX 82 532 FmM -0.725 0 329.862(from the requested QoS against the available resources in the system)FmTX 0 36 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 404.613 532 FmM -0.725 0 6(. )FmTX 0 39 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 409.888 532 FmM -0.725 0 106.286(The decision whether)FmTX 82 546 FmM -0.01 0 432.114(a new request can be accommodated generally depends on system-wide resource manage-)FmTX 82 560 FmM -0.47 0 437.168(ment policies and resource availability. Once admission testing has been successfully com-)FmTX 82 574 FmM 0.158 0 430.104(pleted on a particular resource module, local resources are reserved immediately and then)FmTX 82 588 FmM 0.216 0 429.193(committed later if the end-to-end admission control test \(i.e., accumulation of hop by hop)FmTX 82 602 FmM 0 0 91.963(tests\) is successful;)FmTX 0 42 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 173.963 602 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 0 45 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 176.963 602 FmM 0 0 17.326(and)FmTX 64 618 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 48 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 618 FmM -0.59 0 147.955(resource reservation protocols)FmTX 0 51 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 228.775 618 FmM -0.59 0 290.537(, which arrange for the allocation of suitable end-system and)FmTX 82 632 FmM -0.163 0 434.121(network resources according to the user QoS specification. In doing so, the resource reser-)FmTX 82 646 FmM -0.324 0 436.207(vation protocol interacts with QoS-based routing to establish a path through the network in)FmTX 82 660 FmM -0.536 0 439.503(the first instance; then, based on QoS mapping and admission control at each local resource)FmTX 82 674 FmM 0.594 0 425.47(module traversed \(e.g. CPU, memory, I/O devices, switches, routers, etc.\) end-to-end re-)FmTX 82 688 FmM -0.447 0 437.815(sources are allocated. The end result is that QoS control mechanisms such as network-level)FmTX 82 702 FmM 0 0 408.457(cell/packet schedulers and end-system thread schedulers are configured accordingly. )FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (157.5 396 402.5 474)FmKp (nc 396 157 474 403 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 402 163 468 396 6 rc)kp 48 gr 428 169 434 184 4 rc 0 gr 428.5 169.5 433.5 183.5 0 rc 48 gr 428 213 434 229 4 rc 0 gr 428.5 213.5 433.5 228.5 0 rc 48 gr 428 259 434 274 4 rc 0 gr 428.5 259.5 433.5 273.5 0 rc 48 gr 428 309 434 324 4 rc 0 gr 428.5 309.5 433.5 323.5 0 rc 48 gr 428 354 434 369 4 rc 0 gr 428.5 354.5 433.5 368.5 0 rc pr 443 259 pl 446 249 pl 443 249 pl 441 249 pl 443 259 pl 4 ep pr 443 213 pl 441 223 pl 443 223 pl 446 223 pl 443 213 pl 4 ep 443 249 gm 443 223 lin 431 213 gm 452 213 lin 432 259 gm 454 259 lin 432 309 gm 454 309 lin 433 323 gm 454 323 lin pr 433 395 pl 436 383 pl 433 383 pl 430 383 pl 433 395 pl 4 ep 433 165 gm 433 383 lin 443 338 gm 443 293 lin pr 443 310 pl 446 300 pl 443 300 pl 441 300 pl 443 310 pl 4 ep 443 300 gm 443 293 lin pr 443 322 pl 446 331 pl 443 331 pl 441 331 pl 443 322 pl 4 ep 443 331 gm 443 338 lin 5478 16950 4356 13572 th 464 225 gm F 1 setTxMode bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn -0.13069 0.(period)ashow tu ts 465 302 gm -0.16564 0.(quantum)ashow tu 0 gr pr 412 196 pl 423 199 pl 423 196 pl 423 193 pl 412 196 pl 4 ep 423 196 gm 452 196 lin pr 412 259 pl 423 262 pl 423 259 pl 423 256 pl 412 259 pl 4 ep 423 259 gm 433 259 lin ts 410 180 gm F 1 setTxMode -0.23524 0.(deadline)ashow tu ts 410 253 gm -0.16535 0.(scheduling time)ashow tu 0 gr pr 454 183 pl 443 186 pl 443 183 pl 443 180 pl 454 183 pl 4 ep 443 183 gm 433 183 lin pr 453 197 pl 455 188 pl 453 188 pl 451 188 pl 453 197 pl 4 ep pr 453 169 pl 451 178 pl 453 178 pl 455 178 pl 453 169 pl 4 ep 453 188 gm 453 178 lin ts 465 175 gm F 1 setTxMode -0.33103 0.(jitter)ashow tu EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 396 157 474 403 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 6 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0 0 88.658(2.3.2 QoS Contr)FmTX 134.444 82 FmM 0 0 76.315(ol Mechanisms)FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 99 FmM -0.042 0 404.496(QoS control mechanisms operate on timescales at or close to media transfer speeds. )FmTX 449.732 99 FmM -0.042 0 64.31(They provide)FmTX 46 113 FmM -0.263 0 62.947(real-time traf)FmTX 108.471 113 FmM -0.263 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 115.142 113 FmM -0.263 0 64.978(c control of \337)FmTX 179.331 113 FmM -0.263 0 337.559(ows based on requested levels of QoS established during the QoS pro-)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0 0 65.654(vision phase. )FmTX 111.44 127 FmM 0 0 317.238(The fundamental QoS control mechanisms include the following: )FmTX 64 151 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 6 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 151 FmM 0.804 0 61.673(flow shaping)FmTX 0 9 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 144.476 151 FmM 0.804 0 35.323(, which)FmTX 0 12 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 180.603 151 FmM 0.804 0 3( )FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 184.407 151 FmM 0.804 0 323.165(regulates flows based on user supplied flow performance specifica-)FmTX 82 165 FmM 0.177 0 429.167(tions. Flow shaping can be based on a fixed rate throughput \(i.e., peak rate\) or some form)FmTX 82 179 FmM -0.164 0 433.808(of statistical representation \(i.e., sustainable rate and burstiness\) of the required bandwidth)FmTX 82 193 FmM 0.322 0 427.497([49]. The benefit of shaping traffic is that it allows QoS frameworks to commit sufficient)FmTX 82 207 FmM 0.24 0 429.114(end-to-end resources and to configure flow schedulers to regulate traffic through the end-)FmTX 82 221 FmM 0.397 0 274.898(systems and network. It has been mathematically proven)FmTX 0 18 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 360.078 216.2 FmM 0.331 0 5(1)FmTX 0 20 gm 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 365.078 221 FmM 0.397 0 146.936( that the combination of traffic)FmTX 82 235 FmM -0.055 0 432.817(shaping at the edge of the network and scheduling in the network can provide hard perfor-)FmTX 82 249 FmM 0 0 88.945(mance guarantees;)FmTX 64 265 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 23 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 265 FmM -0.245 0 75.659(flow scheduling)FmTX 0 26 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 157.414 265 FmM -0.245 0 35.323(, which)FmTX 0 29 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 192.493 265 FmM -0.245 0 3( )FmTX 0 32 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 195.248 265 FmM -0.245 0 321.199(manages the forwarding of flows \(chunks of media based on appli-)FmTX 82 279 FmM 0.707 0 422.804(cation layer framing\) in the end-system [30-35] and network \(packets and/or cells\) in an)FmTX 82 293 FmM 0.717 0 424.828(integrated manner [52]. Flows are generally scheduled independently in the end-systems)FmTX 82 307 FmM 0.72 0 421.201(but may be aggregated and scheduled in unison in the network. This is dependent of the)FmTX 82 321 FmM 0 0 277.222(level of service and the scheduling discipline [2] adopted;)FmTX 64 337 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 35 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 337 FmM -0.479 0 63(flow policing)FmTX 0 38 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 144.521 337 FmM -0.479 0 35.323(, which)FmTX 0 41 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 179.365 337 FmM -0.479 0 3( )FmTX 0 44 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 181.885 337 FmM -0.479 0 337.866(can be viewed as the dual of monitoring: the latter - usually associated)FmTX 82 351 FmM 0.961 0 419.508(with QoS management - observes whether QoS contracted by a provider is being main-)FmTX 82 365 FmM -0.175 0 434.449(tained whereas the former observes whether the QoS contracted by a user is being adhered)FmTX 82 379 FmM -0.402 0 436.822(to. Policing is often only appropriate where administrative and charging boundaries are be-)FmTX 82 393 FmM -0.036 0 432.463(ing crossed, for example, at a user-to-network interface [53]. Flow shaping schemes at the)FmTX 82 407 FmM 0 0 328.898(source allow the policing mechanism to detect misbehaving flows; )FmTX 64 423 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 47 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 423 FmM 1.007 0 58.333(flow control)FmTX 0 50 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 141.34 423 FmM 1.007 0 38.323(, which )FmTX 0 53 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 181.678 423 FmM 1.007 0 3( )FmTX 0 56 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 185.686 423 FmM 1.007 0 319.248(includes both open-loop and closed loop schemes. Open loop flow)FmTX 82 437 FmM -0.075 0 433.195(control is used widely in telephony and allows the sender to inject data into the network at)FmTX 82 451 FmM 0.886 0 420.478(the agreed levels given that resources have been allocated in advance. Closed loop flow)FmTX 82 465 FmM 0.526 0 424.104(control requires the sender to adjust its rate based on feed-back from the receiver [41] or)FmTX 82 479 FmM -0.042 0 432.542(network [64]. Applications using closed loop flow control based protocols must be able to)FmTX 82 493 FmM -0.217 0 434.821(adapt to fluctuations in the available resources. On the other hand, applications which can-)FmTX 82 507 FmM 0.877 0 418.852(not adjust to changes in the delivered QoS are more suited to open loop schemes where)FmTX 82 521 FmM 0.321 0 427.825(bandwidth, delay and loss can be deterministically guaranteed for the duration of the ses-)FmTX 82 535 FmM 0 0 43.661(sion; and)FmTX 64 551 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 59 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 551 FmM 0.538 0 100.327(flow synchronisation)FmTX 0 62 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 182.865 551 FmM 0.538 0 35.323(, which)FmTX 0 65 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 218.727 551 FmM 0.538 0 3( )FmTX 0 68 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 222.265 551 FmM 0.538 0 286.89(is required to control the event ordering and precise timings)FmTX 82 565 FmM 0.038 0 431.549(of multimedia interactions. Lip-sync is the most commonly cited form of multimedia syn-)FmTX 82 579 FmM -0.578 0 439.509(chronisation \(i.e., synchronisation of video and audio flows at a playout device\). Other syn-)FmTX 82 593 FmM -0.384 0 435.838(chronisation scenarios reported include: event synchronisation with and without user inter-)FmTX 82 607 FmM -0.395 0 435.554(action, continuous synchronisation other than lip-sync, continuous synchronisation for dis-)FmTX 82 621 FmM -0.531 0 437.836(parate sources and sinks. All place fundamental QoS requirements on flow synchronisation)FmTX 82 635 FmM 0 0 73.641(protocols [44]. )FmTX (46 685 514 700)FmKp 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 685 46 700 514 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 55 687 FmM 199 687 FmL false 2 0.5 FmSt 1 1 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 64 706 FmM 0 0 6.75(1.)FmTX 76 706 FmM 0 0 415.841(Parekh [56] has shown that if a source is shaped by a token bucket with leaky bucket rate control and scheduled by )FmTX 76 717 FmM 0 0 367.605(the weighted fair queueing service discipline [58], it is possible to achieve strong guarantees on delay.)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 7 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0 0 189.293(2.3.3 QoS Management Mechanisms)FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 99 FmM 0.479 0 7.33(T)FmTX 52.492 99 FmM 0.479 0 238.591(o maintain agreed levels of QoS it is often not suf)FmTX 295.663 99 FmM 0.479 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 302.334 99 FmM 0.479 0 181.934(cient to just commit resources. Rather)FmTX 486.187 99 FmM 0.479 0 27.334(, QoS)FmTX 46 113 FmM 0.578 0 460.482(management is frequently required to ensure that the contracted QoS is sustained. QoS manage-)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0.123 0 46.658(ment of \337)FmTX 92.904 127 FmM 0.123 0 251.262(ows is functionally similar to QoS control. However)FmTX 344.548 127 FmM 0.123 0 168.592(, it operates on a slower time scale;)FmTX 46 141 FmM 1.753 0 276.911(that is, over longer monitoring and control intervals [15]. )FmTX 338.471 141 FmM 1.753 0 170.271(The fundamental QoS management)FmTX 46 155 FmM 0 0 168.287(mechanisms include the following:)FmTX 64 179 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 6 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 179 FmM 0.889 0 76.995(QoS monitoring)FmTX 0 9 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 159.884 179 FmM 0.889 0 35.323(, which)FmTX 0 12 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 196.097 179 FmM 0.889 0 3( )FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 199.986 179 FmM 0.889 0 304.233(allows each level of the system to track the ongoing QoS levels)FmTX 82 193 FmM -0.034 0 432.507(achieved by the lower layer. QoS monitoring often plays an integral part in a QoS mainte-)FmTX 82 207 FmM -0.398 0 379.515(nance feedback loop which maintains the QoS achieved by resource modules.)FmTX 456.736 207 FmM -0.398 0 57.662( Monitoring)FmTX 82 221 FmM -0.064 0 130.274(algorithms operate over dif)FmTX 211.867 221 FmM -0.064 0 302.842(ferent timescales. For example, they can run as part of a sched-)FmTX 82 235 FmM 0.264 0 406.506(uler \(as a QoS control mechanism\) to measure individual performance of on-going \337)FmTX 491.67 235 FmM 0.264 0 22.33(ows.)FmTX 82 249 FmM 0.868 0 419.851(In this case measured statistics can be used to control packet scheduling and admission)FmTX 82 263 FmM -0.123 0 62.974(control [51]. )FmTX 144.069 263 FmM -0.123 0 63.305(Alternatively)FmTX 206.594 263 FmM -0.123 0 308.88(, QoS monitoring can operate on an end-to-end basis as part of a)FmTX 82 277 FmM 0 0 172.913(transport level feedback mechanism)FmTX 254.913 277 FmM 0 0 213.902( [44] or as part of the application itself [13]; )FmTX 64 293 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 18 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 293 FmM 0.451 0 84.973(QoS maintenance)FmTX 0 21 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 167.424 293 FmM 0.451 0 342.516(, which compares the monitored QoS against the expected performance)FmTX 82 307 FmM 0.99 0 419.133(and then exerts tuning operations \(i.e., fine or coarse grain resource adjustments\) on re-)FmTX 82 321 FmM -0.293 0 435.521(source modules to sustain the delivered QoS. Fine grain resource adjustment counters QoS)FmTX 82 335 FmM 1.439 0 416.168(degradation by adjusting local resource modules \(e.g., loss via the buffer management,)FmTX 82 349 FmM -0.406 0 436.866(throughput via the flow regulation, and queueing delays and continuous media playout cal-)FmTX 82 363 FmM 0 0 184.266(culation via the flow scheduling [86]\);)FmTX 64 379 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 24 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 379 FmM 0.936 0 82.324(QoS degradation)FmTX 0 27 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 165.261 379 FmM 0.936 0 336.565(, which issues a QoS indication to the user when it determines that the)FmTX 82 393 FmM 0.386 0 425.827(lower layers have failed to maintain the QoS of the flow and nothing further can be done)FmTX 82 407 FmM -0.25 0 435.507(by the QoS maintenance mechanism. In response to such an indication the user can choose)FmTX 82 421 FmM -0.069 0 433.104(either to adapt to the available level of QoS or scale-back[85] to a reduced level of service)FmTX 82 435 FmM 0 0 150.261(\(i.e., end-to-end renegotiation\);)FmTX 64 451 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 30 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 451 FmM 0.701 0 81.319(QoS availability)FmTX 0 33 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 164.721 451 FmM 0.701 0 35.323(, which)FmTX 0 36 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 200.744 451 FmM 0.701 0 3( )FmTX 0 39 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 204.445 451 FmM 0.701 0 302.549(allows the application to specify the interval over which one or)FmTX 82 465 FmM 0.862 0 422.514(more QoS parameters \(e.g., delay, jitter, bandwidth, loss, synchronisation\) can be moni-)FmTX 82 479 FmM -0.725 0 442.151(tored and the application informed of the delivered performance via a QoS signal [74]. Both)FmTX 82 493 FmM -0.373 0 436.846(single and multiple QoS signals can be selected depending whether the user requested QoS)FmTX 82 507 FmM 0 0 199.254(management policy \(see section 2.2\); and)FmTX 64 523 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 42 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 523 FmM -0.169 0 73.652(QoS scalability)FmTX 0 45 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 155.483 523 FmM -0.169 0 360.208(, which comprises QoS filtering \(which manipulates flows as they progress)FmTX 82 537 FmM 0.456 0 426.524(through the communications system\) and QoS adaptation \(which scales flows at the end-)FmTX 82 551 FmM 2.01 0 413.909(systems only\) mechanisms. Many continuous media applications exhibit robustness in)FmTX 82 565 FmM 0.315 0 428.215(adapting to fluctuations in end-to-end QoS. Based on the user supplied QoS management)FmTX 82 579 FmM 0.115 0 430.5(policy, QoS adaptation in the end-systems can take remedial actions to scale flows appro-)FmTX 82 593 FmM -0.244 0 435.167(priately. Resolving heterogeneous QoS issues is a particularly acute problem in the case of)FmTX 82 607 FmM -0.287 0 435.158(multicast flows. Here individual receivers may have differing QoS capabilities to consume)FmTX 82 621 FmM 1.678 0 413.543(audio-visual flows; QoS filtering helps to bridge this heterogeneity gap while simulta-)FmTX 82 635 FmM 0 0 298.049(neously meeting individual receivers\' QoS requirements [90]. )FmTX 0 48 gm 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 666.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(3.)FmTX 64 666.333 FmM 0 0 29.172(QoS )FmTX 92.403 666.333 FmM 0 0 16.321(Ar)FmTX 108.475 666.333 FmM 0 0 53.628(chitectur)FmTX 161.853 666.333 FmM 0 0 15.159(es )FmTX 0 51 gm 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 690 FmM -0.66 0 464.801(Until recently research in providing QoS guarantees has mainly focused on network oriented traf)FmTX 502.003 690 FmM -0.66 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 508.674 690 FmM -0.66 0 5.326(c)FmTX 46 704 FmM 0.547 0 207.27(models and service scheduling disciplines. )FmTX 255.789 704 FmM 0.547 0 166.236(These guarantees are not, however)FmTX 423.734 704 FmM 0.547 0 88.626(, end-to-end in na-)FmTX 46 718 FmM 0.544 0 461.47(ture. Rather they preserve QoS guarantees only between network access points that end-systems)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 8 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM -0.162 0 98.938(are attached to [81]. )FmTX 144.076 82 FmM -0.162 0 11.326(W)FmTX 154.444 82 FmM -0.162 0 361.178(ork on QoS-driven end-system architecture needs to be integrated with net-)FmTX 46 96 FmM -0.082 0 51.653(work con\336)FmTX 97.572 96 FmM -0.082 0 417.164(gurable QoS services and protocols to meet application-to-application requirements. In)FmTX 46 110 FmM 0.855 0 459.445(recognition of this, researchers have recently proposed new communication architectures which)FmTX 46 124 FmM 0.257 0 464.142(are broader in scope and cover both network and end-system domains. In this section, we review)FmTX 46 138 FmM 0 0 279.861(a number of distinct approaches which have recently emer)FmTX 325.647 138 FmM 0 0 135.601(ged in the literature [67-90].)FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 162 FmM 0 0 141.311(3.1 Heidelberg QoS Model)FmTX 187.311 162 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 179 FmM 0.646 0 114.281(The HeiProject at IBM\325)FmTX 161.56 179 FmM 0.646 0 211.576(s European Networking Center in Heidelber)FmTX 376.152 179 FmM 0.646 0 135.264(g have developed a compre-)FmTX 46 193 FmM -0.176 0 408.861(hensive QoS model which provides guarantees in the end-systems and network [71]. )FmTX 452.533 193 FmM -0.176 0 61.644(The commu-)FmTX 46 207 FmM 2.417 0 443.833(nications architecture includes a continuous media transport systems \(HeiTS/TP\) [42] which)FmTX 46 221 FmM 0.081 0 466.86(provides QoS mapping and media scaling [85] as illustrated in Figure 3. Underlying the transport)FmTX 46 235 FmM -0.241 0 191.265(is an internetworking layer based on ST)FmTX 234.716 235 FmM -0.241 0 281.212(-II [46] which supports both guaranteed and statistical lev-)FmTX 46 249 FmM 0.535 0 385.544(els of service. In addition, the network supports QoS-based routing \(via a QoS \336)FmTX 438.497 249 FmM 0.535 0 74.968(nder algorithm\))FmTX 46 263 FmM 1.303 0 51.331(and QoS \336)FmTX 99.938 263 FmM 1.303 0 242.578(ltering. Key to providing end-to-end guarantees is )FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 351.64 263 FmM 1.303 0 31.983(HieRA)FmTX 383.181 263 FmM 1.303 0 6.671(T)FmTX 389.638 263 FmM 1.303 0 11.66( \(r)FmTX 402.159 263 FmM 1.303 0 26.66(esour)FmTX 428.377 263 FmM 1.303 0 84.319(ce administration)FmTX 46 277 FmM 1.006 0 50.64(technique\))FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 96.64 277 FmM 1.006 0 62.977( [71]. HeiRA)FmTX 160.298 277 FmM 1.006 0 7.33(T)FmTX 167.414 277 FmM 1.006 0 338.537( comprises a comprehensive QoS management scheme which includes)FmTX 46 291 FmM -0.017 0 468.185(QoS negotiation, QoS calculation, admission control, QoS enforcement and resource scheduling.)FmTX 46 305 FmM -0.355 0 55.646(The HeiRA)FmTX 99.961 305 FmM -0.355 0 7.33(T)FmTX 107.077 305 FmM -0.355 0 411.188( operating system scheduling policy is a rate-monotonic scheme whereby the priority)FmTX 46 319 FmM 0 0 461.81(of a system thread performing protocol processing is proportional to the message rate requested.)FmTX 200.963 529 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 235.287 529 FmM 0 0 59.303(3. Heidelber)FmTX 294.376 529 FmM 0 0 64.661(g QoS Model)FmTX 46 553 FmM 0.311 0 68.959(The Heidelber)FmTX 115.056 553 FmM 0.311 0 395.215(g QoS model has been designed to handle heterogeneous QoS demands from indi-)FmTX 46 567 FmM 0.697 0 349.236(vidual receivers in a multicast group and to support QoS adaptivity via \337)FmTX 403.606 567 FmM 0.697 0 24.334(ow \336)FmTX 428.637 567 FmM 0.697 0 83.968(ltering and media)FmTX 46 581 FmM -0.278 0 416.52(scaling techniques. Media scaling [85] and codec translation at the end systems, and \337)FmTX 458.623 581 FmM -0.278 0 24.334(ow \336)FmTX 482.679 581 FmM -0.278 0 31.321(ltering)FmTX 46 595 FmM -0.676 0 477.469(and resource sharing in the network are fundamental to meeting heterogeneous QoS demands. Me-)FmTX 46 609 FmM -0.351 0 238.21(dia scaling matches the source with the receivers\325)FmTX 280.864 609 FmM -0.351 0 165.642( QoS capability by manipulating \337)FmTX 444.75 609 FmM -0.351 0 70.304(ows at the net-)FmTX 46 623 FmM 1.339 0 124.62(work edges. In contrast, \336)FmTX 175.977 623 FmM 1.339 0 173.566(ltering accommodates the receivers\325)FmTX 352.673 623 FmM 1.339 0 155.971( QoS capability by manipulating)FmTX 46 637 FmM 0 0 6.671(\337)FmTX 52.671 637 FmM 0 0 167.93(ows at the core of the network as \337)FmTX 220.601 637 FmM 0 0 208.573(ows traverse bridges, switches and routers. )FmTX 0 15 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 661 FmM 0 0 52.652(3.2 XRM)FmTX 0 18 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 678 FmM -0.71 0 63.65(The COMET)FmTX 108.727 678 FmM -0.71 0 231.284( group at Columbia University is developing an )FmTX 0 21 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 334.333 678 FmM -0.71 0 126.606(Extended Integrated Refer)FmTX 459.078 678 FmM -0.71 0 55.632(ence Model)FmTX 46 692 FmM -0.204 0 32.64(\(XRM\))FmTX 0 24 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 78.64 692 FmM -0.204 0 437.813( [28] as a modeling framework for control and management of multimedia telecommunica-)FmTX 46 706 FmM 0.403 0 211.271(tions networks \(which comprise multimedia)FmTX 258.883 706 FmM 0.403 0 224.265( computing platforms and broadband networks)FmTX 485.162 706 FmM 0.403 0 3.993(\))FmTX 489.155 706 FmM 0.403 0 6(. )FmTX 495.344 706 FmM 0.403 0 18.656(The)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (208 347 352 509)FmKp (nc 347 208 509 352 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 62 gr 354 215 501 346 1 rc 0 gr 354.5 215.5 500.5 345.5 0 rc 64 gr 358 218 496 276 1 rc 0 gr 358.5 218.5 495.5 275.5 0 rc 64 gr 358 288 495 341 1 rc 0 gr 358.5 288.5 494.5 340.5 0 rc 394 289 gm 394 341 lin 433 288 gm 433 339 lin 480 288 gm 480 339 lin 62 gr 403 227 494 238 15.5 15.5 1 rr 0 gr 403.5 227.5 493.5 237.5 15.5 15.5 0 rr nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp -3 0 68 0 tc 18450 29040 11250 17424 th 451 190 gm tt F 1 setTxMode 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (CPU, memory, IO resources)show te tu (nc 406 228 491 235 6 rc)kp (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 62 gr 403 254 494 266 15.5 15.5 1 rr 0 gr 403.5 254.5 493.5 265.5 15.5 15.5 0 rr nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp -3 0 43 0 tc ts 448 234 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (network resources)show te tu (nc 419 257 474 264 6 rc)kp 0 0 pen 488 311 gm (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 0 gr 488 311 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 502 314 pl 488 311 pl 488 314 pl 488 317 pl 502 314 pl 1 ep 502 314 gm bp 488 311 T qi 488 311 qc 488 314 qc 488 314 qc 488 317 qc 488 317 qc 502 314 qc 502 314 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 2 2 pen 386 313 gm 487 313 lin 62 gr 459 290 479 338 1 ov 1 1 pen 0 gr 459.5 290.5 478.5 337.5 0 ov ts 471 297 gm tu (nc 466 297 473 330 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (ST-II agent)show tu 0 0 pen 466 278 gm (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 0 gr 466 278 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 469 268 pl 466 278 pl 469 278 pl 472 278 pl 469 268 pl 1 ep 469 268 gm bp 466 278 T qi 466 278 qc 469 278 qc 469 278 qc 472 278 qc 472 278 qc 469 268 qc 469 268 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 472 282 gm 472 282 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 469 293 pl 472 282 pl 469 282 pl 466 282 pl 469 293 pl 1 ep 469 293 gm bp 472 282 T qi 472 282 qc 469 282 qc 469 282 qc 466 282 qc 466 282 qc 469 293 qc 469 293 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 469 277 gm 469 282 lin 0 0 pen 395 278 gm 395 278 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 398 268 pl 395 278 pl 398 278 pl 401 278 pl 398 268 pl 1 ep 398 268 gm bp 395 278 T qi 395 278 qc 398 278 qc 398 278 qc 401 278 qc 401 278 qc 398 268 qc 398 268 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 401 282 gm 401 282 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 398 293 pl 401 282 pl 398 282 pl 395 282 pl 398 293 pl 1 ep 398 293 gm bp 401 282 T qi 401 282 qc 398 282 qc 398 282 qc 395 282 qc 395 282 qc 398 293 qc 398 293 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 398 278 gm 398 282 lin 64 gr 417 296 424 337 1 rc ts 423 296 gm tu (nc 417 296 424 337 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (media scaling)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 444 296 451 328 1 rc ts 449 296 gm tu (nc 444 296 451 328 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (QoS finder)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 401 290 408 318 1 rc ts 407 291 gm tu (nc 401 290 408 318 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (transport)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 410 294 417 335 1 rc ts 415 295 gm tu (nc 410 294 417 335 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (QoS mapping)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 437 290 444 315 1 rc ts 442 291 gm tu (nc 437 290 444 315 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (network)show tu ts 365 220 gm tu (nc 359 219 366 244 6 rc)kp ts (HeiRAT)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 481 291 488 317 1 rc ts 487 291 gm tu (nc 481 291 488 317 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (data link)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 488 317 495 342 1 rc ts 493 318 gm tu (nc 488 317 495 342 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (network)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 62 gr 368 290 388 339 1 ov 0 gr 368.5 290.5 387.5 338.5 0 ov ts 378 297 gm tu (nc 373 296 380 330 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (application)show tu ts 383 305 gm tu (nc 378 305 385 318 6 rc)kp ts (flow)show tu ts 372 222 gm tu (nc 366 222 374 272 6 rc)kp ts (QoS calculatiion)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 373 222 380 274 1 rc ts 379 223 gm tu (nc 373 222 380 274 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (admission testing)show tu ts 386 224 gm tu (nc 380 224 388 270 6 rc)kp ts (res. reservation)show tu ts 393 223 gm tu (nc 388 222 395 273 6 rc)kp ts (QoS enforcement)show tu ts 401 223 gm tu (nc 395 222 402 267 6 rc)kp ts (res. scheduling)show tu (nc 353 214 503 346 6 rc)kp 64 gr 451 296 458 335 1 rc ts 457 297 gm tu (nc 451 296 458 335 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (QoS filtering)show tu EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 347 208 509 352 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 154 28 166 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 670 28 710 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 9 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0.149 0 41.994(COMET)FmTX 87.78 82 FmM 0.149 0 43.313( group ar)FmTX 131.176 82 FmM 0.149 0 49.321(gues that t)FmTX 180.794 82 FmM 0.149 0 306.208(he foundations for operability \(i.e., control and management\) of)FmTX 0 3 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 488.19 82 FmM 0.149 0 3( )FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 491.339 82 FmM 0.149 0 22.661(mul-)FmTX 46 96 FmM 0.37 0 462.826(timedia computing and networking devices are equivalent; that is, both classes of devices can be)FmTX 46 110 FmM 0.058 0 343.529(modeled as producers, consumers and processors of media.The only dif)FmTX 389.841 110 FmM 0.058 0 123.926(ference is the overall goal)FmTX 46 124 FmM 0.113 0 345.53(that a group of devices has set to achieve in the network or end-system. )FmTX 392.896 124 FmM 0.113 0 7.33(T)FmTX 400.226 124 FmM 0.113 0 113.323(he XRM is divided into)FmTX 46 138 FmM 0 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 52.671 138 FmM 0 0 219.929(ve distinct planes [69] as illustrated in Figure )FmTX 272.6 138 FmM 0 0 9.334(4:)FmTX 64 162 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 162 FmM -0.287 0 103.641(management function)FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 185.354 162 FmM -0.287 0 331.515(, which resides in the network management plane \(N-plane\) and cov-)FmTX 82 176 FmM 0 0 312.864(ers the OSI functional areas of network and system management;)FmTX 64 195 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 15 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 195 FmM 0.983 0 109.318(traffic control function)FmTX 0 18 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 193.284 195 FmM 0.983 0 312.855(, which comprises the resource control \(M-plane\) and connection)FmTX 82 209 FmM 1.166 0 421.503(management and control \(C-plane\) planes. Resource control constitutes cell scheduling,)FmTX 82 223 FmM -0.623 0 208.274(call admission, call routing in the network, )FmTX 285.912 223 FmM -0.623 0 230.581(process scheduling, memory management, rout-)FmTX 82 237 FmM 0 0 284.93(ing, admission control and flow control in the end-systems;)FmTX 64 256 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 21 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 256 FmM -0.6 0 146.663(information transport function)FmTX 0 24 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 227.462 256 FmM -0.6 0 292.541(, which is located in the user transport plane \(U-plane\), mod-)FmTX 82 270 FmM -0.634 0 441.51(els the media protocols and entities for the transport of user information in both the network)FmTX 82 284 FmM 0 0 120.961(and the end-systems; and)FmTX 64 303 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 27 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 303 FmM -0.565 0 39.313(telebase)FmTX 0 30 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 121.313 303 FmM -0.565 0 399.472(, which resides in the data abstraction and management plane \(D-plane\) and collec-)FmTX 82 317 FmM 1.105 0 419.842(tively represents the information, data abstractions existing in the network and end-sys-)FmTX 82 331 FmM 0 0 354.548(tems. The telebase implements data sharing among all other XRM planes.)FmTX 46 350 FmM 0.82 0 364.544(The XRM is built on theoretical work of guaranteeing QoS requirements in )FmTX 419.721 350 FmM 0.82 0 8.663(A)FmTX 427.054 350 FmM 0.82 0 85.307(TM networks and)FmTX 46 364 FmM -0.011 0 468.114(end-systems populated with multimedia devices. General concepts for characterizing the capacity)FmTX 46 378 FmM 0.18 0 454.137(of network [82] and end-system [73] devices \(e.g., disks, switches, etc.\) have been developed. )FmTX 502.003 378 FmM 0.18 0 11.997(At)FmTX 46 392 FmM 0.136 0 83.956(the network layer)FmTX 129.751 392 FmM 0.136 0 222.885(, XRM characterises the capacity region of an )FmTX 353.068 392 FmM 0.136 0 8.663(A)FmTX 360.401 392 FmM 0.136 0 149.297(TM multiplexer with QoS guar)FmTX 510.006 392 FmM 0.136 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 406 FmM -0.003 0 54.299(antees as a )FmTX 0 33 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 100.289 406 FmM -0.003 0 64.98(schedulable r)FmTX 164.823 406 FmM -0.003 0 26.66(egion)FmTX 0 36 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 191.484 406 FmM -0.003 0 322.547(. Network resources such as switching bandwidth and link capacity)FmTX 46 420 FmM 0.697 0 196.538(are allocated based on four cell-level traf)FmTX 246.505 420 FmM 0.697 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 253.175 420 FmM 0.697 0 253.857(c classes \(class I, II, III, and C\) for circuit emulation,)FmTX 46 434 FmM -0.176 0 292.875(voice and video, data, and network management respectively)FmTX 336.864 434 FmM -0.176 0 6(. )FmTX 342.028 434 FmM -0.176 0 8.663(A)FmTX 350.032 434 FmM -0.176 0 19.646( traf)FmTX 369.289 434 FmM -0.176 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 375.96 434 FmM -0.176 0 138.92(c class is characterized by its)FmTX 46 448 FmM -0.313 0 212.584(statistical properties and QoS requirements. )FmTX 256.803 448 FmM -0.313 0 7.33(T)FmTX 263.295 448 FmM -0.313 0 147.612(ypically QoS requirements re\337)FmTX 409.967 448 FmM -0.313 0 105.287(ect cell loss and delay)FmTX 46 462 FmM 0.742 0 120.94(constraints. In order to ef)FmTX 169.695 462 FmM 0.742 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 176.366 462 FmM 0.742 0 330.211(ciently satisfy the QoS requirements of the cell level, scheduling and)FmTX 46 476 FmM 0.477 0 15.993(buf)FmTX 61.779 476 FmM 0.477 0 405.188(fer management algorithms dynamically allocate communication bandwidth and buf)FmTX 470.565 476 FmM 0.477 0 42.958(fer space)FmTX 46 490 FmM 0 0 63.967(appropriately)FmTX 109.188 490 FmM 0 0 6(. )FmTX 46 514 FmM 0.597 0 97.972(In the end-system, \337)FmTX 145.764 514 FmM 0.597 0 280.207(ow requirements are modeled through service class speci\336)FmTX 430.153 514 FmM 0.597 0 82.652(cations with QoS)FmTX 46 528 FmM -0.512 0 347.552(constraints. For example, in the audio video unit the service class speci\336)FmTX 387.924 528 FmM -0.512 0 128.634(cation is in terms of JPEG,)FmTX 46 542 FmM -0.084 0 237.94(MPEG-I, MPGE-II video and CD audio quality \337)FmTX 283.351 542 FmM -0.084 0 231.237(ows with QoS guarantees. Quality of service for)FmTX 46 556 FmM 0.102 0 106.292(these classes is speci\336)FmTX 152.598 556 FmM 0.102 0 360.176(ed by a set of frame delay and loss constraints.The methodology of charac-)FmTX 46 570 FmM 0.4 0 462.8(terizing network resources is extended to the end-system to represent the capacity of multimedia)FmTX 46 584 FmM -0.272 0 38.979(devices.)FmTX 84.979 584 FmM -0.272 0 113.956( Using the concept of a )FmTX 0 39 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 197.304 584 FmM -0.272 0 105.302(multimedia capacity r)FmTX 301.62 584 FmM -0.272 0 26.66(egion)FmTX 0 42 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 328.28 584 FmM -0.272 0 138.299( the problem of scheduling \337)FmTX 465.219 584 FmM -0.272 0 49.324(ows in the)FmTX 46 598 FmM 0.196 0 421.805(end-system becomes identical to the real-time bin packing exercise of the network layer)FmTX 469.503 598 FmM 0.196 0 6(. )FmTX 475.486 598 FmM 0.196 0 38.317(The im-)FmTX 46 612 FmM -0.649 0 303.223(plementation of XRM including key resource abstractions \(viz.)FmTX 344.677 612 FmM -0.649 0 67.966( schedulable a)FmTX 411.344 612 FmM -0.649 0 103.954(nd multimedia capac-)FmTX 46 626 FmM 0.96 0 233.555(ity region\) is currently being realised as part of a)FmTX 0 45 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 288.191 626 FmM 0.96 0 53.335( binding ar)FmTX 343.002 626 FmM 0.96 0 42.647(chitectur)FmTX 385.208 626 FmM 0.96 0 5.326(e)FmTX 0 48 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 390.534 626 FmM 0.96 0 119.628( [28] for open signalling,)FmTX 46 640 FmM 0 0 239.253(control and management of multimedia networks.)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 74 28 142 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 506 28 588 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 604 28 616 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 10 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 243.171 450.765 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 277.495 450.765 FmM 0 0 42.334(4. XRM )FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 474.765 FmM 0 0 70.661(3.3 OMEGA)FmTX 116.002 474.765 FmM 0 0 6( )FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 491.765 FmM 0.157 0 465.803(Over the past three years the University of Pennsylvania has been developing an end-point archi-)FmTX 46 505.765 FmM -0.187 0 128.933(tecture called the OMEGA)FmTX 173.711 505.765 FmM -0.187 0 132.592( architecture [70]. OMEGA)FmTX 305.082 505.765 FmM -0.187 0 210.229( is the result of an interdisciplinary research)FmTX 46 519.765 FmM -0.356 0 9.319(ef)FmTX 55.105 519.765 FmM -0.356 0 463.16(fort that is examining the relationship between application QoS requirements \(which make strin-)FmTX 46 533.765 FmM 0.586 0 459.794(gent resource demands\) and the ability of local \(the operating system\) and global resource man-)FmTX 46 547.765 FmM 0.384 0 464.156(agement \(combining communication and remotely managed resources\) to satisfy these demands.)FmTX 46 561.765 FmM 1.124 0 65.643(The OMEGA)FmTX 112.107 561.765 FmM 1.124 0 389.528( architecture illustrated in Figure 5 assumes a network subsystem which provides)FmTX 46 575.765 FmM -0.27 0 78.653(bounds on delay)FmTX 123.335 575.765 FmM -0.27 0 394.172(, errors and can meet bandwidth demands, and an operating system which is capa-)FmTX 46 589.765 FmM -0.504 0 205.269(ble of providing run time QoS guarantees. )FmTX 247.526 589.765 FmM -0.504 0 135.935(The essence of the OMEGA)FmTX 380.785 589.765 FmM -0.504 0 135.231( architecture is resource res-)FmTX 46 603.765 FmM 0.822 0 458.136(ervation and management of end-to-end resources. Communication is preceeded by a call setup)FmTX 46 617.765 FmM 0.102 0 466.775(phase where application requirements, expressed in terms of QoS parameters, are negotiated, and)FmTX 46 631.765 FmM 0.135 0 466.104(guarantees are made at serveral logical levels, such as between applications and the network sub-)FmTX 46 645.765 FmM 0.057 0 429.217(system, applications and the operating system, network subsystem and operating system. )FmTX 475.626 645.765 FmM 0.057 0 38.317(This es-)FmTX 46 659.765 FmM 1.293 0 452.484(tablishes customized connections and results in the allocation of resources appropriate to meet)FmTX 46 673.765 FmM 1.358 0 333.208(application requirements and operating system/ network capabilities. )FmTX 388.5 673.765 FmM 1.358 0 7.33(T)FmTX 394.992 673.765 FmM 1.358 0 114.935(o facilitate this resource)FmTX 46 687.765 FmM 0.551 0 356.534(management process the University of Pennsylvania has also developed a )FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 408.042 687.765 FmM 0.551 0 34.33(QoS br)FmTX 442.48 687.765 FmM 0.551 0 70.969(okerage model)FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 701.765 FmM 0.168 0 465.82([88] which incorporates QoS translation, and QoS negotiation and renegotiation \(see [89] for full)FmTX 46 715.765 FmM 0 0 381.888(details on similar work on QoS negotiation protocol at University of Montreal\).)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (94.893 86 465.107 430.765)FmKp (nc 86 94 431 466 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 92 102 431 466 6 rc)kp 56 gr 229 192 260 332 30.5 29.5 4 rr 0 gr 229.5 192.5 260.5 332.5 30.5 29.5 0 rr 56 gr 250 198 260 220 4 ov 0 gr 250.5 198.5 259.5 219.5 0 ov 271 146 gm 271 325 lin 219 377 lin 219 198 lin 271 146 lin 229.5 220.5 239.5 239.5 0 ov 229.5 304.5 239.5 324.5 0 ov 250.5 283.5 259.5 303.5 0 ov 64 gr pr 208 146 pl 208 325 pl 156 377 pl 156 198 pl 208 146 pl 4 ep 0 gr pr 208 146 pl 208 325 pl 156 377 pl 156 198 pl 208 146 pl 0 ep 360 314 gm 380 293 lin 380 209 lin 360 231 lin 360 314 lin 29642 31286 30644 31116 th 372 219 gm F 1 setTxMode 2 fs 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( media protocols)show tu 64 gr 355 220 365 240 4 ov 0 gr 355.5 220.5 364.5 239.5 0 ov ts 239 221 gm F 1 setTxMode (node)show tu 64 gr 375 198 385 220 4 ov 0 gr 375.5 198.5 384.5 219.5 0 ov ts 259 199 gm F 1 setTxMode (node)show tu 0 gr 386.5 186.5 391.5 190.5 0 ov 379.5 179.5 382.5 183.5 0 ov 381 184 gm 381 198 lin 389 191 gm 384 202 lin 396 146 gm 396 325 lin 345 377 lin 345 198 lin 396 146 lin 64 gr 355 304 365 325 4 ov 0 gr 355.5 304.5 364.5 324.5 0 ov 64 gr 375 283 385 304 4 ov 0 gr 375.5 283.5 384.5 303.5 0 ov 362 324 gm 384 356 lin 347.5 332.5 351.5 337.5 0 ov 378.5 319.5 381.5 324.5 0 ov 388.5 309.5 392.5 313.5 0 ov 356 321 gm 351 332 lin 380 304 gm 380 318 lin 383 301 gm 389 309 lin 64 gr 292 220 302 240 4 ov 0 gr 292.5 220.5 301.5 239.5 0 ov 64 gr 312 198 324 220 4 ov 0 gr 312.5 198.5 323.5 219.5 0 ov 325.5 186.5 328.5 190.5 0 ov 315.5 179.5 320.5 183.5 0 ov 318 184 gm 318 198 lin 327 191 gm 322 202 lin 64 gr 292 304 302 325 4 ov 0 gr 292.5 304.5 301.5 324.5 0 ov 64 gr 312 283 324 304 4 ov 0 gr 312.5 283.5 323.5 303.5 0 ov 296 325 gm 296 335 lin 294.5 335.5 299.5 340.5 0 ov 284.5 328.5 289.5 332.5 0 ov 315.5 319.5 320.5 324.5 0 ov 325.5 309.5 328.5 313.5 0 ov 293 318 gm 289 329 lin 317 304 gm 317 318 lin 321 301 gm 326 309 lin 302.5 211.5 312.5 312.5 9.5 9.5 0 rr 334 146 gm 334 325 lin 281 377 lin 281 198 lin 334 146 lin 64 gr 167 220 177 240 4 ov 0 gr 167.5 220.5 176.5 239.5 0 ov 64 gr 188 198 199 220 4 ov 0 gr 188.5 198.5 198.5 219.5 0 ov 200.5 186.5 204.5 190.5 0 ov 202 191 gm 196 202 lin 64 gr 167 304 177 325 4 ov 0 gr 167.5 304.5 176.5 324.5 0 ov 64 gr 188 283 199 304 4 ov 0 gr 188.5 283.5 198.5 303.5 0 ov 200.5 309.5 204.5 313.5 0 ov 195 301 gm 201 309 lin pr 196 232 pl 193 220 pl 189 232 pl 193 232 pl 196 232 pl 4 ep pr 189 271 pl 193 283 pl 196 271 pl 193 271 pl 189 271 pl 4 ep 193 232 gm 193 271 lin pr 176 252 pl 171 240 pl 169 252 pl 171 252 pl 176 252 pl 4 ep pr 169 292 pl 171 304 pl 176 292 pl 171 292 pl 169 292 pl 4 ep 171 252 gm 171 292 lin pr 181 303 pl 177 311 pl 185 307 pl 183 304 pl 181 303 pl 4 ep pr 185 307 pl 189 299 pl 181 303 pl 183 304 pl 185 307 pl 4 ep 183 304 gm 183 304 lin pr 180 218 pl 176 224 pl 184 220 pl 182 219 pl 180 218 pl 4 ep pr 184 220 pl 188 213 pl 180 218 pl 182 219 pl 184 220 pl 4 ep 182 219 gm 182 219 lin pr 182 249 pl 176 237 pl 176 249 pl 179 249 pl 182 249 pl 4 ep pr 183 277 pl 189 286 pl 189 274 pl 186 275 pl 183 277 pl 4 ep 179 249 gm 186 275 lin 64 gr 104 220 115 240 4 ov 0 gr 104.5 220.5 114.5 239.5 0 ov ts 114 219 gm F 1 setTxMode (agent)show tu 64 gr 125 198 136 220 4 ov 0 gr 125.5 198.5 135.5 219.5 0 ov ts 135 198 gm F 1 setTxMode (agent)show tu 146 146 gm 0 gr 146 325 lin 94 377 lin 94 198 lin 146 146 lin 115.5 247.5 125.5 277.5 9.5 9.5 0 rr ts 124 244 gm F 1 setTxMode (manager)show tu 117 277 gm 0 gr 112 304 lin 123 277 gm 127 286 lin 113 237 gm 117 247 lin 129 220 gm 123 247 lin ts 395 194 gm F 1 setTxMode (user access protocols)show tu 64 gr 360 277 370 299 180 270 4 ar 0 gr pr 361 277 pl 360 288 pl 367 278 pl 363 277 pl 361 277 pl 4 ep 360.5 277.5 369.5 298.5 180 193 0 ar pr 244 212 pl 257 209 pl 244 206 pl 244 209 pl 244 212 pl 4 ep 208 209 gm 244 209 lin pr 222 234 pl 234 231 pl 222 227 pl 222 231 pl 222 234 pl 4 ep 208 231 gm 222 231 lin pr 223 318 pl 235 314 pl 223 311 pl 223 314 pl 223 318 pl 4 ep 208 314 gm 223 314 lin 130 198 gm F 32pat 380 198 lin 130 220 gm 380 220 lin 130 283 gm 380 283 lin 130 304 gm 380 304 lin 378 240 gm 0 gr 382 240 lin 125 231 gm 130 231 lin 32 gr pr 189 311 pl 177 314 pl 189 318 pl 189 314 pl 189 311 pl 4 ep 189 314 gm 208 314 lin pr 210 290 pl 199 293 pl 210 297 pl 210 293 pl 210 290 pl 4 ep 210 293 gm 214 293 lin pr 207 206 pl 197 209 pl 207 211 pl 207 209 pl 207 206 pl 4 ep 207 209 gm 207 209 lin pr 189 227 pl 177 231 pl 189 234 pl 189 231 pl 189 227 pl 4 ep 189 231 gm 208 231 lin 0 gr pr 306 212 pl 317 209 pl 306 206 pl 306 209 pl 306 212 pl 4 ep 271 209 gm 306 209 lin pr 284 234 pl 296 231 pl 284 226 pl 284 231 pl 284 234 pl 4 ep 271 231 gm 284 231 lin pr 306 296 pl 317 293 pl 306 290 pl 306 293 pl 306 296 pl 4 ep 306 293 gm 271 293 lin pr 284 317 pl 296 314 pl 284 311 pl 284 314 pl 284 317 pl 4 ep 284 314 gm 271 314 lin 32 gr pr 254 226 pl 240 231 pl 254 234 pl 254 231 pl 254 226 pl 4 ep 254 231 gm 271 231 lin pr 271 290 pl 260 293 pl 271 296 pl 271 293 pl 271 290 pl 4 ep 271 293 gm 271 293 lin pr 251 311 pl 240 314 pl 251 317 pl 251 314 pl 251 311 pl 4 ep 251 314 gm 271 314 lin ts 137 223 gm F 1 setTxMode (management)show 239 304 gm (node)show 259 284 gm (node)show tu 0 gr pr 367 292 pl 370 304 pl 374 292 pl 370 292 pl 367 292 pl 4 ep 370 285 gm 370 292 lin 32 gr pr 271 206 pl 260 209 pl 271 212 pl 271 209 pl 271 206 pl 4 ep 271 209 gm 271 209 lin 0 gr pr 176 338 pl 173 326 pl 169 336 pl 172 336 pl 176 338 pl 4 ep pr 167 370 pl 170 381 pl 173 371 pl 170 370 pl 167 370 pl 4 ep 172 336 gm 170 370 lin pr 243 297 pl 255 293 pl 243 290 pl 243 293 pl 243 297 pl 4 ep 208 293 gm 243 293 lin ts 365 102 gm F 1 setTxMode (user information)show 373 102 gm (transport and)show 305 102 gm (connection)show 313 102 gm (management)show 322 102 gm (and binding)show 240 102 gm (data abstraction )show 249 102 gm (and management)show 182 102 gm (resource)show 190 102 gm (control)show 113 102 gm (network and)show tu 64 gr 123 283 134 304 4 ov 0 gr 123.5 283.5 133.5 303.5 0 ov ts 133 282 gm F 1 setTxMode (agent)show tu 64 gr 106 304 117 326 4 ov 0 gr 106.5 304.5 116.5 325.5 0 ov ts 116 304 gm F 1 setTxMode (agent)show 145 223 gm (protocol)show 248 242 gm (telebase)show tu 0 gr 158.5 328.5 162.5 332.5 0 ov 167 318 gm 162 329 lin 95 384 gm 146 334 lin 95 465 gm 146 416 lin 146 334 gm 146 416 lin 95 385 gm 95 464 lin 157 384 gm 208 334 lin 157 465 gm 208 416 lin 208 334 gm 208 416 lin 157 385 gm 157 464 lin 221 384 gm 271 334 lin 221 465 gm 271 416 lin 271 334 gm 271 416 lin 221 385 gm 221 464 lin 282 384 gm 334 334 lin 282 465 gm 334 416 lin 334 334 gm 334 416 lin 282 385 gm 282 464 lin 346 384 gm 396 334 lin 346 465 gm 396 416 lin 396 334 gm 396 416 lin 346 385 gm 346 464 lin ts 129 102 gm F 1 setTxMode (Management)show 121 102 gm (systems)show 381 102 gm (computing)show 106 422 gm (N-plane)show 169 422 gm (M-plane)show 232 422 gm (D-plane)show 293 422 gm (C-plane)show 357 422 gm (U-plane)show tu 64 gr 444 128 457 436 4 rc ts 422 216 gm F 1 setTxMode (broadband Networking)show 422 354 gm (multimedia Computing)show tu 111 326 gm 0 gr 106 381 lin 64 gr 122 405 133 426 4 ov 0 gr 122.5 405.5 132.5 425.5 0 ov 305.5 313.5 310.5 378.5 4.5 4.5 0 rr 64 gr 101 381 111 403 4 ov 0 gr 101.5 381.5 110.5 402.5 0 ov 64 gr 132 354 141 375 4 ov 0 gr 132.5 354.5 140.5 374.5 0 ov 110 399 gm F 16pat 123 409 lin 129 406 gm F 16pat 136 375 lin 110 388 gm F 16pat 132 370 lin 64 gr 185 405 195 426 4 ov 0 gr 185.5 405.5 194.5 425.5 0 ov 64 gr 163 381 173 403 4 ov 0 gr 163.5 381.5 172.5 402.5 0 ov 64 gr 193 354 204 375 4 ov 0 gr 193.5 354.5 203.5 374.5 0 ov pr 181 402 pl 172 399 pl 178 405 pl 179 403 pl 181 402 pl 4 ep pr 178 405 pl 186 409 pl 181 402 pl 179 403 pl 178 405 pl 4 ep 179 403 gm 179 403 lin pr 191 394 pl 192 406 pl 199 396 pl 194 395 pl 191 394 pl 4 ep pr 200 387 pl 200 375 pl 193 386 pl 196 387 pl 200 387 pl 4 ep 194 395 gm 196 387 lin pr 179 377 pl 172 388 pl 183 383 pl 181 379 pl 179 377 pl 4 ep pr 188 377 pl 194 368 pl 183 374 pl 186 375 pl 188 377 pl 4 ep 181 379 gm 186 375 lin 48 sg 247 405 258 426 4 ov 0 gr 247.5 405.5 257.5 425.5 0 ov 48 gr 226 381 237 403 4 ov 0 gr 226.5 381.5 236.5 402.5 0 ov 48 gr 257 354 267 375 4 ov 0 gr 257.5 354.5 266.5 374.5 0 ov 236 399 gm F 16pat 248 409 lin 256 406 gm F 16pat 261 375 lin 236 388 gm F 16pat 257 370 lin 64 gr 310 405 319 426 4 ov 0 gr 310.5 405.5 318.5 425.5 0 ov 64 gr 289 381 299 403 4 ov 0 gr 289.5 381.5 298.5 402.5 0 ov 64 gr 318 354 328 375 4 ov 0 gr 318.5 354.5 327.5 374.5 0 ov 297 399 gm 16 gr 311 409 lin 317 406 gm F 16pat 324 375 lin 297 388 gm F 16pat 318 370 lin 64 gr 372 405 382 426 4 ov 0 gr 372.5 405.5 381.5 425.5 0 ov 64 gr 350 381 361 403 4 ov 0 gr 350.5 381.5 360.5 402.5 0 ov 64 gr 381 354 392 375 4 ov 0 gr 381.5 354.5 391.5 374.5 0 ov 360 399 gm 16 gr 373 409 lin 380 406 gm F 16pat 386 375 lin 360 388 gm F 16pat 381 370 lin 48 sg 243 332 249 377 6.5 5.5 4 rr 0 gr 243.5 332.5 249.5 377.5 6.5 5.5 0 rr EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 86 94 431 466 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 11 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 233.345 241 FmM 0 0 37.324(Figure )FmTX 270.669 241 FmM 0 0 55.986(5. OMEGA)FmTX 325.996 241 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 265 FmM 0 0 69.311(3.4 int-serv )FmTX 114.651 265 FmM 0 0 13.989(Ar)FmTX 128.427 265 FmM 0 0 45.967(chitectur)FmTX 174.18 265 FmM 0 0 8.326(e )FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 282 FmM 0.092 0 414.129(The work by the Integrated Services \(int-serv\) Group [62] of the Internet Engineering )FmTX 461.106 282 FmM 0.092 0 7.33(T)FmTX 467.599 282 FmM 0.092 0 46.31(ask Force)FmTX 46 296 FmM 0.233 0 85.644(\(IETF\) is a signi\336)FmTX 132.342 296 FmM 0.233 0 379.562(cant contribution to providing controlled QoS for multimedia applications over)FmTX 46 310 FmM 0.01 0 174.902(an integrated services Internetwork. )FmTX 220.728 310 FmM 0.01 0 92.64(The group has de\336)FmTX 313.408 310 FmM 0.01 0 200.552(ned a comprehensive int-serv architecture)FmTX 46 324 FmM 0.014 0 467.81([62] and a QoS framework [79] used to specify the functionality of internetwork system elements)FmTX 46 338 FmM 0.167 0 466.166(\(known as elements\) which make multiple, dynamically selectable QoS available to applications.)FmTX 46 352 FmM 1.075 0 456.173(The behaviour of elements, which constitute routers, subnetworks and end-point operating sys-)FmTX 46 366 FmM 0.165 0 308.517(tems, is captured as a set of services, of which some or all are of)FmTX 356.614 366 FmM 0.165 0 156.56(fered by each element. Each ele-)FmTX 46 380 FmM 4.45 0 339.173(ment is QoS-aware and supports interfaces required by the service de\336)FmTX 429.67 380 FmM 4.45 0 56.988(nition [62]. )FmTX 495.344 380 FmM 4.45 0 18.656(The)FmTX 46 394 FmM 0.247 0 347.505(concatenation of service elements along an end-to-end data path provide)FmTX 395.73 394 FmM 0.247 0 117.281(s an overall statement of)FmTX 46 408 FmM -0.503 0 82.307(end-to-end QoS. )FmTX 127.087 408 FmM -0.503 0 180.24(The following int-serv services are of)FmTX 304.599 408 FmM -0.503 0 126.281(fered in addition to best ef)FmTX 428.152 408 FmM -0.503 0 23.654(fort: )FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 451.303 408 FmM -0.503 0 39.647(\(i\) contr)FmTX 490.005 408 FmM -0.503 0 23.994(olled)FmTX 46 422 FmM -0.521 0 25.986(delay)FmTX 71.327 422 FmM -0.521 0 3(,)FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 74.327 422 FmM -0.521 0 429.829( which attempts to provide several levels of delay which the application can choose from;)FmTX 0 15 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 496.866 422 FmM -0.521 0 17.654( \(ii\))FmTX 46 436 FmM 0.146 0 10.667(pr)FmTX 56.225 436 FmM 0.146 0 69.633(edicated delay)FmTX 125.344 436 FmM 0.146 0 3(,)FmTX 0 18 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 128.344 436 FmM 0.146 0 246.929( which provides a statistical delay bound similar to )FmTX 376.369 436 FmM 0.146 0 7.33(T)FmTX 382.861 436 FmM 0.146 0 57.636(enet Group\325)FmTX 439.983 436 FmM 0.146 0 69.97(s statistical ser)FmTX 510.007 436 FmM 0.146 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 450 FmM -0.272 0 125.953(vice [49] and the COMET)FmTX 170.652 450 FmM -0.272 0 37.649( Group\325)FmTX 207.37 450 FmM -0.272 0 143.918(s guaranteed service [61]; and)FmTX 0 21 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 350.201 450 FmM -0.272 0 107.628( \(iii\) guaranteed delay)FmTX 0 24 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 456.234 450 FmM -0.272 0 58.31(, which pro-)FmTX 46 464 FmM 0 0 203.259(vides an absolute guaranteed delay bound.)FmTX 46 488 FmM 1.156 0 310.166(Flows in an int-serv architecture are characterized by two speci\336)FmTX 366.574 488 FmM 1.156 0 48.647(cations: a )FmTX 0 27 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 417.535 488 FmM 1.156 0 23.335(traf\336)FmTX 440.87 488 FmM 1.156 0 38.979(c speci\336)FmTX 481.006 488 FmM 1.156 0 29.994(cation)FmTX 0 30 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 511 488 FmM 1.156 0 3(,)FmTX 46 502 FmM -0.127 0 82.975(which is a speci\336)FmTX 128.594 502 FmM -0.127 0 79.62(cation of the traf)FmTX 207.621 502 FmM -0.127 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 214.292 502 FmM -0.127 0 91.96(c pattern which a \337)FmTX 305.745 502 FmM -0.127 0 137.291(ow expects to exhibit; and a )FmTX 0 33 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 442.275 502 FmM -0.127 0 14.66(ser)FmTX 456.936 502 FmM -0.127 0 26.979(vice r)FmTX 483.346 502 FmM -0.127 0 30.653(equest)FmTX 46 516 FmM 0.233 0 30.653(speci\336)FmTX 76.653 516 FmM 0.233 0 29.994(cation)FmTX 0 36 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 106.647 516 FmM 0.233 0 88.975(, which is a speci\336)FmTX 196.554 516 FmM 0.233 0 102.305(cation of the QoS a \337)FmTX 300.023 516 FmM 0.233 0 174.243(ow desires from a service elements. )FmTX 475.45 516 FmM 0.233 0 38.317(The int-)FmTX 46 530 FmM 0.257 0 464.145(serv architecture, which is restricted to the network but applicable in the end-system too, is com-)FmTX 46 544 FmM 0 0 152.607(prised of four components [62]:)FmTX 64 568 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 82 568 FmM 0 0 8.326(a )FmTX 0 39 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 90.326 568 FmM 0 0 80.959(packet scheduler)FmTX 0 42 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 171.285 568 FmM 0 0 319.201(, which forwards packets streams using a set of queues and timers;)FmTX 64 584 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 82 584 FmM 0 0 8.326(a )FmTX 0 45 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 90.326 584 FmM 0 0 43.989(classifier)FmTX 0 48 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 134.315 584 FmM 0 0 294.565(, which maps each incoming packet into a set of QoS classes;)FmTX 64 600 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 82 600 FmM 0.444 0 11.326(an)FmTX 0 51 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 93.326 600 FmM 0.444 0 102.653( admission controller)FmTX 0 54 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 196.867 600 FmM 0.444 0 313.585(, which implements the admission control algorithm to determine)FmTX 82 614 FmM 0 0 245.555(whether a new flow can be admitted or denied; and)FmTX 64 630 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 82 630 FmM 0.346 0 8.326(a )FmTX 0 57 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 90.672 630 FmM 0.346 0 126.636(reservation setup protocol)FmTX 0 60 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 217.999 630 FmM 0.346 0 292.544( \(e.g., RSVP [48]\), which is necessary to create and maintain)FmTX 82 644 FmM 0 0 287.209(flow-specific state in the routers along the path of the flow.)FmTX 46 660 FmM -0.544 0 224.906(In [80] Clark introduces some early work on a )FmTX 0 63 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 266.013 660 FmM -0.544 0 67.318(Quality of Ser)FmTX 332.245 660 FmM -0.544 0 98.941(vice Manager \(QM\) )FmTX 0 66 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 429.555 660 FmM -0.544 0 86.619(as part of the end-)FmTX 46 674 FmM 0.596 0 138.595(system int-serv architecture. )FmTX 186.168 674 FmM 0.596 0 321.873(The QM as illustrated in Figure 6 presents an abstract management)FmTX 46 688 FmM 1.116 0 233.909(layer designed to isolate applications from under)FmTX 286.604 688 FmM 1.116 0 106.307(lying details of speci\336)FmTX 396.258 688 FmM 1.116 0 113.279(c services provided in a)FmTX 46 702 FmM 0.322 0 463.491(QoS-driven Internet [62]. One motivating factor behind the introduction of a QM is that applica-)FmTX 46 716 FmM 0.078 0 382.222(tions can negotiate desired QoS without needing to know the details of a speci\336)FmTX 429.229 716 FmM 0.078 0 84.615(c network service)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (158.5 86 401.5 221)FmKp (nc 86 158 221 402 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 62 gr 93 166 215 395 1 rc 0 gr 93.5 166.5 214.5 394.5 0 rc 64 gr 101 191 206 390 1 rc 0 gr 101.5 191.5 205.5 389.5 0 rc 64 gr 110 203 145 247 1 rc 21033 18537 15129 13340 th 116 210 gm tu (nc 110 203 145 247 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (real-time)show 125 205 gm (application)show 134 210 gm (protocol)show 142 212 gm (\(RTAP\))show tu (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 64 gr 162 204 197 248 1 rc ts 169 210 gm tu (nc 162 204 197 248 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (real-time)show 178 212 gm (network)show 186 211 gm (protocol)show 195 212 gm (\(RTNP\))show tu (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 64 gr 111 264 129 313 1 rc ts 118 282 gm tu (nc 111 264 129 313 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (call)show 127 269 gm (managment)show tu (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 64 gr 169 263 186 312 1 rc ts 175 269 gm tu (nc 169 263 186 312 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (connection)show 184 267 gm (managment)show tu 101 256 gm (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 0 gr 205 256 lin 101 323 gm 205 323 lin 0 0 2 9 9 2 dh 152 166 gm 152 395 lin rh psb pse 152 392 gm 64 gr 119 348 176 356 1 rc nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp -3 0 28 0 tc ts 150 331 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (QoS broker)show te tu (nc 119 348 176 356 6 rc)kp (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 64 gr 101 170 144 187 1 rc nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp 2 0 29 0 tc ts 120 159 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (application )show 129 161 gm (subsystem)show te tu (nc 101 170 144 187 6 rc)kp (nc 92 165 215 396 6 rc)kp 64 gr 163 171 199 188 1 rc nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp 2 0 24 0 tc ts 179 162 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (transport )show 188 162 gm (subsystem)show te tu (nc 163 171 199 188 6 rc)kp EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 86 158 221 402 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 274 28 342 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 386 28 412 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 652 28 720 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 12 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM -0.055 0 468.776(described above; in this case, the QM provides a degree of transparency whereby applications ex-)FmTX 46 96 FmM -0.542 0 474.498(press desired levels of QoS in application-oriented language rather than using communication QoS)FmTX 46 110 FmM -0.272 0 31.324(speci\336)FmTX 77.324 110 FmM -0.272 0 15.993(cs. )FmTX 92.832 110 FmM -0.272 0 424.16(The QM is responsible for determining what QoS management capabilities are available)FmTX 46 124 FmM 0 0 32.66(on the )FmTX 78.66 124 FmM 0 0 57.308(application\325)FmTX 135.309 124 FmM 0 0 351.905(s communication path, and chooses the path best suited to the application)FmTX 487.214 124 FmM 0 0 6(. )FmTX 493.214 124 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 172.379 361 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 206.704 361 FmM 0 0 51.647(6. int-serv )FmTX 257.692 361 FmM 0 0 129.929(Architecture QoS Manager)FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 385 FmM 0 0 58.661(3.5 QoS-A)FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 402 FmM -0.109 0 21.656(The )FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 67.547 402 FmM -0.109 0 67.318(Quality of Ser)FmTX 134.648 402 FmM -0.109 0 22.313(vice )FmTX 156.637 402 FmM -0.109 0 11.997(Ar)FmTX 168.192 402 FmM -0.109 0 42.647(chitectur)FmTX 210.397 402 FmM -0.109 0 48.299(e \(QoS-A\))FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 258.587 402 FmM -0.109 0 256.503( [68] is a layered architecture of services and mecha-)FmTX 46 416 FmM 0.806 0 363.548(nisms for quality of service management and control of continuous media \337)FmTX 418.415 416 FmM 0.806 0 93.973(ows in multiservice)FmTX 46 430 FmM 0.614 0 49.983(networks. )FmTX 96.383 430 FmM 0.614 0 272.889(The architecture incorporates the following key notions: )FmTX 0 15 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 373.567 430 FmM 0.614 0 6(\337)FmTX 379.567 430 FmM 0.614 0 18.671(ows)FmTX 0 18 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 398.238 430 FmM 0.614 0 113.921(, which characterize the)FmTX 46 444 FmM -0.628 0 475.535(production, transmission and eventual consumption of single media streams \(both unicast and mul-)FmTX 46 458 FmM 0.988 0 136.62(ticast\) with associated QoS; )FmTX 0 21 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 186.574 458 FmM 0.988 0 14.66(ser)FmTX 201.234 458 FmM 0.988 0 66.967(vice contracts)FmTX 0 24 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 269.189 458 FmM 0.988 0 236.903(, which are binding agreements of QoS levels be-)FmTX 46 472 FmM 3.428 0 148.603(tween users and providers; and)FmTX 0 27 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 208.314 472 FmM 3.428 0 9( \337)FmTX 220.742 472 FmM 3.428 0 78.316(ow management)FmTX 0 30 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 302.487 472 FmM 3.428 0 190.945(, which provides for the monitoring and)FmTX 46 486 FmM -0.47 0 205.573(maintenance of the contracted QoS levels. )FmTX 248.538 486 FmM -0.47 0 112.614(The realization of the \337)FmTX 359.271 486 FmM -0.47 0 156.609(ow concept demands active QoS)FmTX 46 500 FmM 1.464 0 454.825(management and tight integration between device management, end-system thread scheduling,)FmTX 46 514 FmM 0 0 203.279(communications protocols and networks. )FmTX 46 538 FmM 0.99 0 148.945(In functional terms, the QoS-A)FmTX 198.245 538 FmM 0.99 0 303.879( \(as illustrated Figure 7\) is composed of a number of layers and)FmTX 46 552 FmM -0.021 0 36.653(planes. )FmTX 82.418 552 FmM -0.021 0 431.839(The upper layer consists of a distributed applications platform augmented with services to)FmTX 46 566 FmM 0.314 0 255.609(provide multimedia communications and QoS speci\336)FmTX 303.181 566 FmM 0.314 0 209.247(cation in an object-based environment [24].)FmTX 46 580 FmM -0.114 0 469.477(Below the platform level is an orchestration layer which provides jitter correction and multimedia)FmTX 46 594 FmM 0.041 0 295.881(synchronization services across multiple related application \337)FmTX 342.128 594 FmM 0.041 0 171.624(ows [44]. Supporting this is a trans-)FmTX 46 608 FmM 0.013 0 223.913(port layer which contains a range of QoS con\336)FmTX 270.015 608 FmM 0.013 0 243.908(gurable services and mechanisms [34]. Below this,)FmTX 46 622 FmM 0 0 415.494(an internetworking layer and lower layers form the basis for end-to-end QoS support. )FmTX 46 646 FmM -0.306 0 322.532(QoS management is realized in three vertical planes in the QoS-A. )FmTX 364.952 646 FmM -0.306 0 150.272(The protocol plane, which con-)FmTX 46 660 FmM -0.68 0 455.191(sists of distinct user and control sub-planes, is motivated by the principle of separation. QoS-A)FmTX 491.019 660 FmM -0.68 0 23.66( uses)FmTX 46 674 FmM 0.05 0 107.95(separate protocol pro\336)FmTX 154.05 674 FmM 0.05 0 221.259(les for the control and media components of \337)FmTX 375.709 674 FmM 0.05 0 110.282(ows because of the dif)FmTX 486.027 674 FmM 0.05 0 27.973(ferent)FmTX 46 688 FmM -0.506 0 186.261(QoS requirements of control and data. )FmTX 229.014 688 FmM -0.506 0 289.535(The QoS maintenance plane contains a number of layer spe-)FmTX 46 702 FmM 0.34 0 15.331(ci\336)FmTX 61.331 702 FmM 0.34 0 84.633(c QoS managers. )FmTX 146.77 702 FmM 0.34 0 173.238(These are each responsible for the \336)FmTX 322.047 702 FmM 0.34 0 190.594(ne grained monitoring and maintenance)FmTX 46 716 FmM -0.247 0 471.46(of their associated protocol entities. For example, at the orchestration layer [44], the QoS manager)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (151.5 152 408.5 341)FmKp (nc 152 151 341 409 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 256 309 gm (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 256 309 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 257 316 pl 256 309 pl 254 315 pl 256 316 pl 257 316 pl 1 ep 257 316 gm bp 256 309 T qi 256 309 qc 254 315 qc 254 315 qc 256 316 qc 256 316 qc 257 316 qc 257 316 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 255 372 gm 255 372 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 253 366 pl 255 372 pl 257 366 pl 255 366 pl 253 366 pl 1 ep 253 366 gm bp 255 372 T qi 255 372 qc 257 366 qc 257 366 qc 255 366 qc 255 366 qc 253 366 qc 253 366 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 256 316 gm 255 366 lin 0 0 pen 244 280 gm 244 280 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 245 287 pl 244 280 pl 242 287 pl 244 287 pl 245 287 pl 1 ep 245 287 gm bp 244 280 T qi 244 280 qc 242 287 qc 242 287 qc 244 287 qc 244 287 qc 245 287 qc 245 287 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 244 371 gm 244 371 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 242 364 pl 244 371 pl 245 364 pl 244 364 pl 242 364 pl 1 ep 242 364 gm bp 244 371 T qi 244 371 qc 245 364 qc 245 364 qc 244 364 qc 244 364 qc 242 364 qc 242 364 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 244 287 gm 244 364 lin 64 gr 162 160 194 326 1 rc 0 gr 162.5 160.5 193.5 325.5 0 rc 64 gr 163 372 286 393 1 rc 0 gr 163.5 372.5 285.5 392.5 0 rc 64 gr 208 161 228 220 1 rc 0 gr 208.5 161.5 227.5 219.5 0 rc 64 gr 247 162 267 220 1 rc 0 gr 247.5 162.5 266.5 219.5 0 rc 64 gr 284 160 304 218 1 rc 0 gr 284.5 160.5 303.5 217.5 0 rc 209.5 256.5 227.5 314.5 0 rc 241.5 257.5 260.5 277.5 0 rc 242.5 288.5 259.5 309.5 0 rc 274.5 257.5 294.5 314.5 0 rc 241.5 318.5 261.5 340.5 0 rc 22991 24990 13778 15006 th 180 230 gm tu (nc 174 229 181 263 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (application)show tu ts 222 175 gm tu (nc 216 175 223 180 6 rc)kp ts (R)show tu ts 222 179 gm tu (nc 216 179 223 188 6 rc)kp ts (TP)show tu ts 222 187 gm tu (nc 216 187 223 200 6 rc)kp ts (, etc)show tu ts 260 176 gm tu (nc 254 176 262 192 6 rc)kp ts (UDP)show tu ts 296 182 gm tu (nc 290 181 298 189 6 rc)kp ts (IP)show tu ts 325 166 gm tu (nc 319 166 326 203 6 rc)kp ts (data packets)show tu ts 323 260 gm tu (nc 318 259 325 276 6 rc)kp ts (contr)show tu ts 323 274 gm tu (nc 318 274 325 304 6 rc)kp ts (ol packets)show tu ts 287 266 gm tu (nc 282 265 289 283 6 rc)kp ts (RSVP)show tu ts 287 282 gm tu (nc 282 281 289 294 6 rc)kp ts (, etc)show tu ts 221 265 gm tu (nc 216 264 223 296 6 rc)kp ts (dispatcher)show tu ts 253 265 gm tu (nc 247 264 254 273 6 rc)kp ts (SA)show tu ts 252 294 gm tu (nc 247 294 254 303 6 rc)kp ts (SA)show tu ts 253 324 gm tu (nc 247 324 254 333 6 rc)kp ts (SA)show tu 0 0 pen 180 330 gm (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 0 gr 180 330 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 181 337 pl 180 330 pl 178 337 pl 180 337 pl 181 337 pl 1 ep 181 337 gm bp 180 330 T qi 180 330 qc 178 337 qc 178 337 qc 180 337 qc 180 337 qc 181 337 qc 181 337 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 180 369 gm 180 369 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 178 362 pl 180 369 pl 181 362 pl 180 362 pl 178 362 pl 1 ep 178 362 gm bp 180 369 T qi 180 369 qc 181 362 qc 181 362 qc 180 362 qc 180 362 qc 178 362 qc 178 362 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 180 337 gm 180 362 lin 0 0 pen 219 319 gm 219 319 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 221 326 pl 219 319 pl 217 326 pl 219 326 pl 221 326 pl 1 ep 221 326 gm bp 219 319 T qi 219 319 qc 217 326 qc 217 326 qc 219 326 qc 219 326 qc 221 326 qc 221 326 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 219 372 gm 219 372 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 217 365 pl 219 372 pl 221 365 pl 219 365 pl 217 365 pl 1 ep 217 365 gm bp 219 372 T qi 219 372 qc 221 365 qc 221 365 qc 219 365 qc 219 365 qc 217 365 qc 217 365 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 219 326 gm 219 365 lin 0 0 pen 206 188 gm 206 188 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 199 190 pl 206 188 pl 199 186 pl 199 188 pl 199 190 pl 1 ep 199 190 gm bp 206 188 T qi 206 188 qc 199 186 qc 199 186 qc 199 188 qc 199 188 qc 199 190 qc 199 190 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 195 188 gm 199 188 lin 0 0 pen 245 188 gm 245 188 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 238 190 pl 245 188 pl 238 186 pl 238 188 pl 238 190 pl 1 ep 238 190 gm bp 245 188 T qi 245 188 qc 238 186 qc 238 186 qc 238 188 qc 238 188 qc 238 190 qc 238 190 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 229 188 gm 238 188 lin 0 0 pen 283 188 gm 283 188 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 275 190 pl 283 188 pl 275 187 pl 275 188 pl 275 190 pl 1 ep 275 190 gm bp 283 188 T qi 283 188 qc 275 187 qc 275 187 qc 275 188 qc 275 188 qc 275 190 qc 275 190 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 266 188 gm 275 188 lin 0 0 pen 314 188 gm 314 188 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 307 190 pl 314 188 pl 307 186 pl 307 188 pl 307 190 pl 1 ep 307 190 gm bp 314 188 T qi 314 188 qc 307 186 qc 307 186 qc 307 188 qc 307 188 qc 307 190 qc 307 190 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 304 188 gm 307 188 lin 0 0 pen 293 220 gm 293 220 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 294 227 pl 293 220 pl 290 226 pl 292 227 pl 294 227 pl 1 ep 294 227 gm bp 293 220 T qi 293 220 qc 290 226 qc 290 226 qc 292 227 qc 292 227 qc 294 227 qc 294 227 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 285 259 gm 292 227 lin 0 0 pen 315 288 gm 315 288 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 308 290 pl 315 288 pl 308 286 pl 308 288 pl 308 290 pl 1 ep 308 290 gm bp 315 288 T qi 315 288 qc 308 286 qc 308 286 qc 308 288 qc 308 288 qc 308 290 qc 308 290 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 296 288 gm 308 288 lin 0 0 pen 260 341 gm 260 341 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 262 348 pl 260 341 pl 259 348 pl 260 348 pl 262 348 pl 1 ep 262 348 gm bp 260 341 T qi 260 341 qc 259 348 qc 259 348 qc 260 348 qc 260 348 qc 262 348 qc 262 348 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 260 368 gm 260 368 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 259 361 pl 260 368 pl 262 361 pl 260 361 pl 259 361 pl 1 ep 259 361 gm bp 260 368 T qi 260 368 qc 262 361 qc 262 361 qc 260 361 qc 260 361 qc 259 361 qc 259 361 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 260 348 gm 260 361 lin 0 0 pen 273 271 gm 273 271 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 266 271 pl 273 271 pl 267 267 pl 266 269 pl 266 271 pl 1 ep 266 271 gm bp 273 271 T qi 273 271 qc 267 267 qc 267 267 qc 266 269 qc 266 269 qc 266 271 qc 266 271 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 261 267 gm 266 269 lin 0 0 pen 274 286 gm 274 286 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 269 292 pl 274 286 pl 267 289 pl 268 291 pl 269 292 pl 1 ep 269 292 gm bp 274 286 T qi 274 286 qc 267 289 qc 267 289 qc 268 291 qc 268 291 qc 269 292 qc 269 292 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 260 297 gm 268 291 lin 0 0 pen 272 304 gm 272 304 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 271 312 pl 272 304 pl 268 310 pl 269 311 pl 271 312 pl 1 ep 271 312 gm bp 272 304 T qi 272 304 qc 268 310 qc 268 310 qc 269 311 qc 269 311 qc 271 312 qc 271 312 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 262 328 gm 269 311 lin 32 gr 194 283 195 284 1 rc 0 0 pen 210 283 gm 210 283 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 199 286 pl 210 283 pl 199 280 pl 199 283 pl 199 286 pl 1 ep 199 286 gm bp 210 283 T qi 210 283 qc 199 280 qc 199 280 qc 199 283 qc 199 283 qc 199 286 qc 199 286 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 195 283 199 284 1 rc 228 282 gm 228 282 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 228 282 pl 228 282 pl 226 282 pl 227 281 pl 228 282 pl 1 ep bp 228 282 T qi 228 282 qc 226 282 qc 226 282 qc 227 281 qc 227 281 qc 228 282 qc 228 282 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 240 265 gm 240 265 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 236 275 pl 240 265 pl 231 271 pl 234 273 pl 236 275 pl 1 ep 236 275 gm bp 240 265 T qi 240 265 qc 231 271 qc 231 271 qc 234 273 qc 234 273 qc 236 275 qc 236 275 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 227 281 gm 227 281 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 228 282 pl 227 281 pl 234 272 pl 235 273 pl 228 282 pl 1 ep 228 282 gm bp 227 281 T qi 227 281 qc 234 272 qc 234 272 qc 235 273 qc 235 273 qc 228 282 qc 228 282 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 228 289 gm 228 289 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 228 289 pl 228 289 pl 228 288 pl 229 288 pl 228 289 pl 1 ep bp 228 289 T qi 228 289 qc 228 288 qc 228 288 qc 229 288 qc 229 288 qc 228 289 qc 228 289 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 241 298 gm 241 298 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 231 294 pl 241 298 pl 235 289 pl 233 292 pl 231 294 pl 1 ep 231 294 gm bp 241 298 T qi 241 298 qc 235 289 qc 235 289 qc 233 292 qc 233 292 qc 231 294 qc 231 294 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 229 288 gm 229 288 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 228 289 pl 229 288 pl 234 291 pl 233 292 pl 228 289 pl 1 ep 228 289 gm bp 229 288 T qi 229 288 qc 234 291 qc 234 291 qc 233 292 qc 233 292 qc 228 289 qc 228 289 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 228 297 gm 228 297 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 228 297 pl 228 297 pl 229 296 pl 229 297 pl 228 297 pl 1 ep bp 228 297 T qi 228 297 qc 229 296 qc 229 296 qc 229 297 qc 229 297 qc 228 297 qc 228 297 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 240 331 gm 240 331 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 234 323 pl 240 331 pl 240 321 pl 237 322 pl 234 323 pl 1 ep 234 323 gm bp 240 331 T qi 240 331 qc 240 321 qc 240 321 qc 237 322 qc 237 322 qc 234 323 qc 234 323 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 229 297 gm 229 297 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 228 297 pl 229 297 pl 237 321 pl 236 322 pl 228 297 pl 1 ep 228 297 gm bp 229 297 T qi 229 297 qc 237 321 qc 237 321 qc 236 322 qc 236 322 qc 228 297 qc 228 297 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp ts 308 315 gm tu (nc 302 314 310 336 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (SA: ser)show tu ts 308 336 gm tu (nc 302 335 310 366 6 rc)kp ts (vice agent)show tu (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 32 gr 319 313 320 314 1 rc 320 346 gm 320 346 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 317 336 pl 320 346 pl 323 336 pl 320 336 pl 317 336 pl 1 ep 317 336 gm bp 320 346 T qi 320 346 qc 323 336 qc 323 336 qc 320 336 qc 320 336 qc 317 336 qc 317 336 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 161 159 327 404 6 rc)kp 319 314 320 336 1 rc ts 314 315 gm tu (nc 309 314 316 403 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (quality management interface:)show tu nc ct 39 0 put 1 0 270 tp -3 0 41 0 tc ts 223 358 gm tt (user interface)show te tu (nc 196 379 247 386 6 rc)kp EndFramePicture 0 0 gm (nc 152 151 341 409 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 74 28 128 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 13 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 1.114 0 356.555(is interested in the tightness of synchronisation between multiple related \337)FmTX 413.694 82 FmM 1.114 0 96.964(ows. In contrast, the)FmTX 46 96 FmM -0.148 0 234.568(transport QoS manager is concerned with intra-\337)FmTX 279.683 96 FmM -0.148 0 233.276(ow QoS such as bandwidth, loss, jitter and delay)FmTX 511 96 FmM -0.148 0 3(.)FmTX 46 110 FmM 0.166 0 53.994(Based on \337)FmTX 100.326 110 FmM 0.166 0 411.847(ow monitoring information and a user supplied service contract, QoS managers main-)FmTX 46 124 FmM -0.213 0 185.279(tain the level of QoS in the managed \337)FmTX 229.578 124 FmM -0.213 0 85.98(ow by means of \336)FmTX 314.708 124 FmM -0.213 0 181.913(ne grained resource tuning strategies. )FmTX 495.343 124 FmM -0.213 0 18.656(The)FmTX 46 138 FmM 0.369 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 52.671 138 FmM 0.369 0 51.65(nal QoS-A)FmTX 104.031 138 FmM 0.369 0 91.972( plane pertains to \337)FmTX 197.48 138 FmM 0.369 0 209.599(ow management, which is responsible for \337)FmTX 409.295 138 FmM 0.369 0 103.966(ow establishment \(in-)FmTX 46 152 FmM -0.319 0 471.51(cluding end-to-end admission control, QoS based routing and resource reservation\), QoS mapping)FmTX 46 166 FmM -0.485 0 466.491(\(which translates QoS representations between layers\) and QoS scaling \(which constitutes QoS \336)FmTX 506.673 166 FmM -0.485 0 7.327(l-)FmTX 46 180 FmM 0 0 347.18(tering and QoS adaptation for coarse grained QoS maintenance control\).)FmTX 239.843 429 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 274.167 429 FmM 0 0 45.99(7. QoS-A)FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 453 FmM 0 0 133.313(3.6 OSI QoS Framework)FmTX 179.313 453 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 470 FmM 1.251 0 148.289(One early contribution to the \336)FmTX 200.542 470 FmM 1.251 0 177.914(eld of QoS-driven architecture is the )FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 385.959 470 FmM 1.251 0 104.303(OSI QoS Framework )FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 494.013 470 FmM 1.251 0 19.986([67])FmTX 46 484 FmM 1.615 0 407.848(which concentrates primarily on quality of service support for OSI communications. )FmTX 471.401 484 FmM 1.615 0 40.983(The OSI)FmTX 46 498 FmM -0.167 0 113.279(framework broadly de\336)FmTX 158.946 498 FmM -0.167 0 356.886(nes terminology and concepts for QoS and provides a model which identi-)FmTX 46 512 FmM -0.29 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 52.671 512 FmM -0.29 0 264.258(es objects of interest to QoS in open system standards. )FmTX 313.813 512 FmM -0.29 0 201.929(The QoS associated with objects and their)FmTX 46 526 FmM 0.47 0 194.933(interactions is described through the de\336)FmTX 243.282 526 FmM 0.47 0 180.589(nition of a set of QoS characteristics. )FmTX 426.946 526 FmM 0.47 0 85.644(The key OSI QoS)FmTX 46 540 FmM 0 0 139.263(framework concepts include:)FmTX 64 564 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 15 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 564 FmM -0.282 0 86.974(QoS requirements)FmTX 0 18 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 168.691 564 FmM -0.282 0 347.851(, which are realized through QoS management and maintenance entities;)FmTX 64 580 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 21 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 580 FmM -0.448 0 94.972(QoS characteristics)FmTX 0 24 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 176.524 580 FmM -0.448 0 342.85(, which are a description of the fundamental measures of QoS that have)FmTX 82 594 FmM 0 0 73.307(to be managed;)FmTX 64 610 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 27 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 610 FmM 0.042 0 73.644(QoS categories)FmTX 0 30 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 155.686 610 FmM 0.042 0 357.85(, which represent a policy governing a group of QoS requirements specific)FmTX 82 624 FmM 0 0 338.865(to a particular environment such as time-critical communications; and )FmTX 64 640 FmM 0 0 4.198(\245)FmTX 0 33 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 82 640 FmM -0.554 0 131.971(QoS management functions)FmTX 0 36 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 212.862 640 FmM -0.554 0 307.233(, which can be combined in various ways and applied to various)FmTX 82 654 FmM 0 0 265.216(QoS characteristics in order to meet QoS requirements.)FmTX 46 670 FmM -0.009 0 468.158(The OSI QoS framework \(as illustrated in Figure 8\) is made up of two types of management enti-)FmTX 46 684 FmM 1.084 0 41.314(ties \(viz.)FmTX 0 39 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 88.398 684 FmM 1.084 0 61.307( layer speci\336)FmTX 151.872 684 FmM 1.084 0 5.326(c)FmTX 0 42 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 157.199 684 FmM 1.084 0 20.326( and)FmTX 0 45 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 178.608 684 FmM 1.084 0 61.641( system-wide)FmTX 0 48 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 241.333 684 FmM 1.084 0 3( )FmTX 0 51 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 245.417 684 FmM 1.084 0 34.655(entities)FmTX 0 54 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 280.072 684 FmM 1.084 0 225.258(\) that attempt to meet the QoS requirements by)FmTX 46 698 FmM -0.41 0 277.939(monitoring, maintaining and controlling end-to-end QoS. )FmTX 321.265 698 FmM -0.41 0 195.606(The task of the policy control function is)FmTX 46 712 FmM -0.682 0 234.583(to determine the policy which applies at a speci\336)FmTX 275.125 712 FmM -0.682 0 128.279(c layer of an open system. )FmTX 399.096 712 FmM -0.682 0 116.95(The policy control func-)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (167.5 208 392.5 409)FmKp (nc 208 167 409 393 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 64 gr 296 175 398 292 1 rc 0 gr 296.5 175.5 397.5 291.5 0 rc 32413 20607 17860 11342 th 298 291 gm tu (nc 293 291 300 313 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn -0.23423 0.(recently)ashow tu 267 235 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 248 249 lin 320 292 gm 305 306 lin 320 292 gm 316 295 lin 313 299 gm 309 302 lin 305 306 gm 305 306 lin 64 gr 291 175 399 292 1 rc 0 gr 291.5 175.5 398.5 291.5 0 rc 375 175 gm 375 291 lin 353 175 gm 353 291 lin ts 387 205 gm tu (nc 380 203 389 250 6 rc)kp ts 0.04296 0 rmoveto F 1 setTxMode 2 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (physical layer)show tu ts 325 206 gm tu (nc 318 204 326 258 6 rc)kp ts 0.56201 0 rmoveto (transport layer)show tu 0 0 pen 215 331 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 215 331 lin nc ct 39 0 put 56 gr pr 267 292 pl 215 331 pl 346 331 pl 398 292 pl 267 292 pl 1 ep 1 1 pen 267 292 gm bp 215 331 T qi 215 331 qc 346 331 qc 346 331 qc 398 292 qc 398 292 qc 267 292 qc 267 292 T qq qf qf ef 0 gr 15 ec (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 215 214 gm 0 gr 215 330 lin 267 175 gm 267 291 lin ts 264 251 gm tu (nc 257 247 265 285 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode -0.07853 0.(user plane)ashow tu ts 264 188 gm tu (nc 257 186 265 232 6 rc)kp ts (control plane)show tu ts 242 217 gm tu (nc 235 213 244 296 6 rc)kp ts -0.05892 0.(QoS maintenance plane)ashow tu ts 226 233 gm tu (nc 219 230 227 311 6 rc)kp ts 0.62402 0 rmoveto (flow management plane)show tu 248 306 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 378 306 lin 0 0 2 9 8 2 dh 311 292 gm 276 319 lin rh psb pse 231 319 gm 362 319 lin 312 176 gm 312 291 lin 267 175 gm 300 175 lin 267 175 gm 215 215 lin ts 282 197 gm tu (nc 276 196 284 283 6 rc)kp ts 1.90161 0 rmoveto F 1 setTxMode (distributed sytems platform)show tu 248 306 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 248 189 lin 231 319 gm 231 203 lin 0 0 2 9 8 2 dh 291 292 gm 256 318 lin rh psb pse 0 0 2 9 8 2 dh 353 292 gm 318 318 lin rh psb pse 0 0 2 9 8 2 dh 375 292 gm 341 318 lin rh psb pse ts 346 205 gm tu (nc 340 203 348 253 6 rc)kp ts 1.81884 0 rmoveto F 1 setTxMode (network layer )show tu ts 367 205 gm tu (nc 361 203 369 252 6 rc)kp ts 0.42749 0 rmoveto (data link layer )show tu 0 0 pen 267 357 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 267 357 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 270 345 pl 267 357 pl 270 357 pl 273 357 pl 270 345 pl 1 ep 270 345 gm bp 267 357 T qi 267 357 qc 270 357 qc 270 357 qc 273 357 qc 273 357 qc 270 345 qc 270 345 T qq qf qf ef 15 ec (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 2 2 pen 269 356 gm 269 379 lin ts 291 355 gm tu (nc 284 340 309 386 6 rc)kp ts 1.19140 0 rmoveto F 1 setTxMode (flow )show 299 344 gm -0.05906 0.(management)ashow 307 347 gm 0.22924 0 rmoveto (projection)show tu (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 64 gr 250 222 258 273 1 rc ts 256 225 gm tu (nc 250 222 258 273 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (protocol plane)show tu 1 1 pen 333 175 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 333 291 lin ts 303 204 gm tu (nc 297 202 305 264 6 rc)kp ts 0.40332 0 rmoveto F 1 setTxMode (orchestration layer )show tu 0 0 2 9 8 2 dh 334 292 gm (nc 214 174 403 387 6 rc)kp 0 gr 299 318 lin rh psb pse 299 317 gm pr 347 343 pl 356 339 pl 354 337 pl 353 335 pl 347 343 pl 1 ep 400 301 gm 353 337 lin 64 gr pr 358 328 pl 362 335 pl 388 316 pl 384 309 pl 358 328 pl 1 ep nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 306.00035 tp -5 0 27 0 tc ts 375 307 gm tt F 1 setTxMode 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn -0.14482 0.(timescales)ashow te tu (nc 358 309 388 335 6 rc)kp ts 401 312 gm tu (nc 394 310 402 362 6 rc)kp ts 0.98095 0 rmoveto 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (media transfer )show tu ts 392 318 gm tu (nc 385 315 394 371 6 rc)kp ts 1.33618 0 rmoveto (QoS monitoring )show tu ts 383 325 gm tu (nc 377 322 385 381 6 rc)kp ts -0.08103 0.(QoS maintenance)ashow tu ts 374 332 gm tu (nc 367 328 375 374 6 rc)kp ts -0.04953 0.(QoS scaling)ashow tu ts 363 341 gm tu (nc 357 334 365 378 6 rc)kp ts -0.11146 0.(signalling)ashow tu ts 355 350 gm tu (nc 348 347 356 386 6 rc)kp ts -0.17720 0.(application)ashow tu EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 208 167 409 393 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 445 28 457 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 14 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM -0.038 0 422.52(tion models any priority actions that must be performed to control the operation of layer)FmTX 467.322 82 FmM -0.038 0 6(. )FmTX 473.07 82 FmM -0.038 0 40.969(The def-)FmTX 46 96 FmM 1.402 0 172.597(inition of a particular policy is layer)FmTX 226.772 96 FmM 1.402 0 35.317(-speci\336)FmTX 262.09 96 FmM 1.402 0 239.874(c and therefore cannot be generalized. Policy may)FmTX 511 96 FmM 1.402 0 3(,)FmTX 46 110 FmM 0.093 0 41.309(however)FmTX 86.831 110 FmM 0.093 0 132.94(, include aspects of security)FmTX 219.364 110 FmM 0.093 0 253.89(, time-critical communications and resource control. )FmTX 473.597 110 FmM 0.093 0 40.31(The role)FmTX 46 124 FmM 0.274 0 286.907(of the QoS control function is to determine, select and con\336)FmTX 335.648 124 FmM 0.274 0 177.255(gure the appropriate protocol entities)FmTX 46 138 FmM 0.491 0 62.634(to meet layer)FmTX 109.378 138 FmM 0.491 0 35.317(-speci\336)FmTX 144.695 138 FmM 0.491 0 363.905(c QoS goals.The system management agent is used in conjunction with OSI)FmTX 46 152 FmM 0.083 0 405.85(systems management protocols to enable system resources to be remotely managed. )FmTX 452.545 152 FmM 0.083 0 61.289(The local re-)FmTX 46 166 FmM -0.659 0 289.178(source manager represents end-system control of resources. )FmTX 330.35 166 FmM -0.659 0 186.946(The system QoS control function com-)FmTX 46 180 FmM 1.217 0 452.174(bines two system-wide capabilities: to tune performance of protocol entities and to modify the)FmTX 46 194 FmM 0.357 0 288.905(capability of remote systems via OSI systems management. )FmTX 337.545 194 FmM 0.357 0 171.272(The OSI systems management inter)FmTX 510.007 194 FmM 0.357 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 208 FmM -0.7 0 477.797(face is supported by the systems management manager which provides a standard interface to mon-)FmTX 46 222 FmM -0.658 0 16.661(itor)FmTX 62.184 222 FmM -0.658 0 168.94(, control and manage end-systems. )FmTX 227.622 222 FmM -0.658 0 287.883(The system policy control function interacts with each layer)FmTX 510.007 222 FmM -0.658 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 236 FmM 0 0 31.324(speci\336)FmTX 77.324 236 FmM 0 0 419.186(c policy control function to provide an overall selection of QoS functions and facilities.)FmTX 205.854 497 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 240.178 497 FmM 0 0 113.968(8. OSI QoS Framework)FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 521 FmM 0 0 24(3.7 )FmTX 69.786 521 FmM 0 0 8.004(T)FmTX 76.688 521 FmM 0 0 21.316(enet)FmTX 98.005 521 FmM 0 0 3( )FmTX 100.346 521 FmM 0 0 13.989(Ar)FmTX 114.121 521 FmM 0 0 45.967(chitectur)FmTX 159.874 521 FmM 0 0 5.326(e)FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 538 FmM 0.346 0 462.809(The Tenet Group at the University of California at Berkeley has developed a family of protocols)FmTX 46 552 FmM 0.283 0 463.471([37] [49] which run over an experimental wide area ATM network. As illustrated in Figure 9 the)FmTX 0 9 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 46 566 FmM 0.401 0 95.628(Tenent Architecture)FmTX 0 12 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 142.029 566 FmM 0.401 0 367.564( [84] includes a Real Time Channel Administration Protocol \(RCAP\) [51] in)FmTX 46 580 FmM 0.92 0 457.878(addition to Real Time Internet Protocol \(RTIP\), Continuous Media Transport Protocol \(CMTP\))FmTX 46 594 FmM 1.021 0 19.986([37])FmTX 65.986 594 FmM 1.021 0 3(.)FmTX 68.986 594 FmM 1.021 0 434.804( The former provides generic connection establishment, resource reservation and signaling)FmTX 46 608 FmM -0.55 0 213.583(functions for the rest of the protocol family. )FmTX 255.183 608 FmM -0.55 0 31.342(RCAP)FmTX 286.082 608 FmM -0.55 0 228.563( spans the transport and network layers for over)FmTX 510.007 608 FmM -0.55 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 622 FmM -0.579 0 141.923(all resource reservation and \337)FmTX 185.608 622 FmM -0.579 0 42.99(ow setup)FmTX 228.019 622 FmM -0.579 0 290.61(. CMTP is explicitly designed for continuous media support.)FmTX 46 636 FmM -0.116 0 469.854(It is a lightweight protocol which runs on top of RTIP and provides sequenced and periodic deliv-)FmTX 46 650 FmM -0.07 0 444.533(ery of continuous media samples with QoS control over throughput, delays and error bounds)FmTX 489.627 650 FmM -0.07 0 6(. )FmTX 495.343 650 FmM -0.07 0 18.656(The)FmTX 46 664 FmM -0.662 0 7.33(T)FmTX 52.492 664 FmM -0.662 0 470.109(enet Group [50] makes a distinction between deterministic and statistical guarantees for hard real-)FmTX 46 678 FmM -0.489 0 139.307(time and continuous media \337)FmTX 183.349 678 FmM -0.489 0 83.297(ows, respectively)FmTX 265.377 678 FmM -0.489 0 252.539(. In the deterministic case, guarantees provide a hard)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (168.5 264 391.5 477)FmKp (nc 264 168 477 392 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 270 175 471 386 6 rc)kp 48 gr 406 327 430 352 1 ov 406.5 327.5 429.5 351.5 0 ov 379 362 401 386 1 rc 379.5 362.5 400.5 385.5 0 rc 351 328 373 352 1 rc 351.5 328.5 372.5 351.5 0 rc 320 328 342 352 1 rc 320.5 328.5 341.5 351.5 0 rc 282 327 304 351 1 rc 282.5 327.5 303.5 350.5 0 rc 379 289 401 313 1 rc 379.5 289.5 400.5 312.5 0 rc 274 193 295 258 1 ov 274.5 193.5 294.5 257.5 0 ov 306 180 352 275 1 ov 306.5 180.5 351.5 274.5 0 ov 367 193 390 259 1 ov 367.5 193.5 389.5 258.5 0 ov 293 223 gm 0 gr 364 223 lin 64 gr 271 191 293 255 1 ov 0 gr 271.5 191.5 292.5 254.5 0 ov 64 gr 364 190 387 255 1 ov 0 gr 364.5 190.5 386.5 254.5 0 ov 64 gr 302 176 349 272 1 ov 0 gr 302.5 176.5 348.5 271.5 0 ov 315 193 gm 290 324 lin 326 206 gm 326 323 lin 64 gr 314 240 338 264 1 ov 0 gr 314.5 240.5 337.5 263.5 0 ov 64 gr 314 210 338 236 1 ov 0 gr 314.5 210.5 337.5 235.5 0 ov 64 gr 316 323 338 348 1 rc 0 gr 316.5 323.5 337.5 347.5 0 rc 64 gr 348 323 370 348 1 rc 0 gr 348.5 323.5 369.5 347.5 0 rc 64 gr 376 285 398 310 1 rc 0 gr 376.5 285.5 397.5 309.5 0 rc 64 gr 376 358 398 383 1 rc 0 gr 376.5 358.5 397.5 382.5 0 rc 64 gr 403 323 427 348 1 ov 0 gr 403.5 323.5 426.5 347.5 0 ov 338 198 gm 377 285 lin 338 224 gm 377 285 lin 338 251 gm 377 285 lin 338 335 gm 348 335 lin 358 323 gm 376 297 lin 360 348 gm 375 369 lin 30150 16880 20200 11130 th 328 212 gm tu (nc 323 211 330 235 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode bu fc {}mark T /Helvetica /|______Helvetica 0 rf bn 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Helvetica fnt bn (\(N\)-QCF)show tu ts 328 243 gm tu (nc 323 242 330 261 6 rc)kp ts (\(N\)-PE)show tu ts 417 328 gm tu (nc 411 327 419 343 6 rc)kp ts (CMIP)show tu ts 388 290 gm tu (nc 383 290 390 304 6 rc)kp ts (SMA)show tu ts 360 327 gm tu (nc 354 327 362 344 6 rc)kp ts (SQCF)show tu ts 329 331 gm tu (nc 324 331 331 341 6 rc)kp ts (RM)show tu (nc 270 175 471 386 6 rc)kp 64 gr 279 323 301 348 1 rc 0 gr 279.5 323.5 300.5 347.5 0 rc 290 323 gm 375 298 lin 0 0 2 9 9 2 dh 385 309 gm 385 358 lin rh psb pse 0 0 2 9 9 2 dh 387 358 gm 403 336 lin rh psb pse 0 0 2 9 9 2 dh 386 310 gm 403 333 lin rh psb pse ts 388 363 gm tu (nc 383 362 390 377 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (SMM)show tu ts 291 327 gm tu (nc 286 327 293 344 6 rc)kp ts (SPCF)show tu ts 283 201 gm tu (nc 278 200 285 243 6 rc)kp ts (\(N\)-service user)show tu ts 377 194 gm tu (nc 372 193 379 251 6 rc)kp ts (\(N-1\)-service provider)show tu (nc 270 175 471 386 6 rc)kp 64 gr 305 206 312 246 1 rc ts 310 207 gm tu (nc 305 206 312 246 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (\(N\)-subsystem)show tu ts 402 182 gm tu (nc 397 181 470 299 6 rc)kp ts 1 fs bu fc {}mark T /Helvetica-Bold /|______Helvetica-Bold 0 rf bn bu fc 2 F /|______Helvetica-Bold fnt bn (Layer QoS entities)show 409 182 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Helvetica fnt bn ( PCF = Policy Control Function)show 417 182 gm ( QCF = QoS Control Function)show 424 182 gm ( PE = Protocol Entity)show 431 182 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Helvetica-Bold fnt bn (System QoS entities)show 439 182 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Helvetica fnt bn ( SPCF = System Policy Control Function)show 446 182 gm ( RM = Resource Manager)show 454 182 gm ( SQCF = System QoS Control Function)show 461 182 gm ( SMA = System Management Agent)show 468 182 gm ( SMM = System Management Manager)show tu (nc 270 175 471 386 6 rc)kp 64 gr 314 182 339 207 1 ov 0 gr 314.5 182.5 338.5 206.5 0 ov ts 328 184 gm tu (nc 323 183 330 206 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (\(N\)-PCF)show tu EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 264 168 477 392 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 513 28 525 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 15 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM -0.255 0 471.826(bound on the performance of all cells within a session. Statistical guarantees promise that no more)FmTX 46 96 FmM 0.484 0 20.66(than)FmTX 66.66 96 FmM 0.484 0 439.113( x% of packets would experience a delay greater than specified, or no more that x% of cells)FmTX 46 110 FmM 0 0 151.986(might in a session might be lost)FmTX 197.986 110 FmM 0 0 3(.)FmTX 212.557 293 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 246.881 293 FmM 0 0 12(9. )FmTX 258.667 293 FmM 0 0 7.33(T)FmTX 265.16 293 FmM 0 0 22.986(enet )FmTX 287.487 293 FmM 0 0 59.956(Architecture)FmTX 0 3 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 347.443 293 FmM 0 0 2.5( )FmTX 0 5 gm 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 317 FmM 0 0 24(3.8 )FmTX 69.786 317 FmM 0 0 29.997(TINA)FmTX 99.124 317 FmM 0 0 88.641( QoS Framework)FmTX 0 8 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 334 FmM 0.16 0 21.656(The )FmTX 67.603 334 FmM 0.16 0 28.649(TINA)FmTX 95.593 334 FmM 0.16 0 416.484( QoS Framework [76] describes a framework for specifying QoS aspects of distributed)FmTX 46 348 FmM 0.397 0 276.94(telecommunications within the context of the Computing )FmTX 325.063 348 FmM 0.397 0 88.942(Architecture [76]. )FmTX 414.586 348 FmM 0.397 0 98.619(The QoS framework)FmTX 46 362 FmM -0.094 0 468.844(addresses the computational and engineering viewpoints of distributed telecommunications appli-)FmTX 46 376 FmM -0.069 0 33.987(cations)FmTX 79.987 376 FmM -0.069 0 376.192(. It is governed by the separation between telecommunication applications and)FmTX 455.486 376 FmM -0.069 0 17.66( the)FmTX 0 11 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 473.077 376 FmM -0.069 0 40.992( Distrib-)FmTX 46 390 FmM -0.171 0 35.657(uted Pr)FmTX 81.044 390 FmM -0.171 0 70.978(ocessing Envir)FmTX 151.409 390 FmM -0.171 0 69.633(onment \(DPE\))FmTX 0 14 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 220.871 390 FmM -0.171 0 153.618( ; that is, multimedia services of)FmTX 373.252 390 FmM -0.171 0 141.601(fered by a provider utilise the)FmTX 46 404 FmM 1.201 0 315.589(DPE and underlying computing and communications capabilities.)FmTX 368.798 404 FmM 1.201 0 7.33(T)FmTX 376.128 404 FmM 1.201 0 14.326(he )FmTX 391.441 404 FmM 1.201 0 28.649(TINA)FmTX 419.432 404 FmM 1.201 0 90.964( QoS framework is)FmTX 46 418 FmM 0.765 0 207.577(partly based on work in the literature \(e.g., )FmTX 259.037 418 FmM 0.765 0 32.66(ANSA)FmTX 291.038 418 FmM 0.765 0 160.28( QoS Framework [27] and CNET)FmTX 454.928 418 FmM 0.765 0 58.307( Framework)FmTX 46 432 FmM 0.516 0 29.979([26]\). )FmTX 76.495 432 FmM 0.516 0 431.833(In the computational viewpoint, QoS parameters required to provide guarantees to objects)FmTX 46 446 FmM -0.651 0 126.586(are stated declaratively as )FmTX 0 17 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 169.982 446 FmM -0.651 0 14.66(ser)FmTX 184.643 446 FmM -0.651 0 68.309(vice attributes)FmTX 0 20 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 252.3 446 FmM -0.651 0 3(.)FmTX 255.3 446 FmM -0.651 0 263.256( In the engineering model, QoS mechanisms employed)FmTX 46 460 FmM 0 0 387.149(by resource managers are considered. By stating QoS requirements declaratively)FmTX 432.372 460 FmM 0 0 81.627(, applications are)FmTX 46 474 FmM 0.196 0 465.454(relieved of the burden of coping with complex resource management mechanisms needed for en-)FmTX 46 488 FmM 0 0 111.627(suring QoS guarantees.)FmTX 0 23 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 512 FmM 0 0 35.326(3.9 M)FmTX 81.326 512 FmM 0 0 122.329(ASI End-to-End Model )FmTX 0 26 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 529 FmM 0.245 0 144.952(The CESAME Project [77] at )FmTX 192.177 529 FmM 0.245 0 252.542(Laboratoire MASI, Universit\216 Pierre et Marie Curie,)FmTX 446.189 529 FmM 0.245 0 67.321( is developing)FmTX 46 543 FmM -0.152 0 227.903(an architecture for multimedia communications)FmTX 273.296 543 FmM -0.152 0 241.919( which takes end-to-end QoS support as it primary)FmTX 46 557 FmM 0.139 0 49.98(objective. )FmTX 95.46 557 FmM 0.139 0 147.94(As with the Lancaster QoS-A, )FmTX 244.096 557 FmM 0.139 0 224.241(the MASI architecture \(shown in Figure 10\) of)FmTX 469.096 557 FmM 0.139 0 44.625(fers a ge-)FmTX 46 571 FmM -0.319 0 472.148(neric QoS framework to specify and implement the required QoS requirements of distributed mul-)FmTX 46 585 FmM -0.662 0 172.603(timedia applications operating over )FmTX 215.295 585 FmM -0.662 0 8.663(A)FmTX 222.628 585 FmM -0.662 0 102.293(TM-based networks. )FmTX 323.383 585 FmM -0.662 0 107.306(The CESAME Project)FmTX 429.364 585 FmM -0.662 0 51.313( considers )FmTX 479.354 585 FmM -0.662 0 34.646(end-to-)FmTX 46 599 FmM -0.109 0 128.265(end resource management )FmTX 173.939 599 FmM -0.109 0 54.316(which span)FmTX 228.146 599 FmM -0.109 0 11.001(s t)FmTX 239.039 599 FmM -0.109 0 275.613(he host operating system, host communication subsystem)FmTX 46 613 FmM 0.503 0 17.326(and)FmTX 63.326 613 FmM 0.503 0 3( )FmTX 66.17 613 FmM 0.503 0 8.663(A)FmTX 73.503 613 FmM 0.503 0 70.98(TM networks. )FmTX 145.276 613 FmM 0.503 0 141.604(The research is motivated by )FmTX 0 29 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 289.394 613 FmM 0.503 0 7.327(i\))FmTX 0 32 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 296.721 613 FmM 0.503 0 213.255( the need to map QoS requirements from the)FmTX 46 627 FmM -0.479 0 23.997(ODP)FmTX 69.555 627 FmM -0.479 0 73.638( layer to speci\336)FmTX 141.757 627 FmM -0.479 0 174.237(c resource modules in a clean and ef)FmTX 312.43 627 FmM -0.479 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 319.101 627 FmM -0.479 0 68.634(cient manner; )FmTX 0 35 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 386.777 627 FmM -0.479 0 13.661(ii\) )FmTX 0 38 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 399.96 627 FmM -0.479 0 115.954(the need to resolve mul-)FmTX 46 641 FmM 0.424 0 263.915(timedia synchronisation needs of multiple related ODP)FmTX 312.018 641 FmM 0.424 0 86.294( streams [23]; and)FmTX 0 41 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 399.584 641 FmM 0.424 0 16.995( iii\))FmTX 0 44 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 417.003 641 FmM 0.424 0 95.3( the need to provide)FmTX 46 655 FmM 0.816 0 316.233(suitable communication protocol support for multimedia services )FmTX 367.943 655 FmM 0.816 0 29.66(being )FmTX 398.418 655 FmM 0.816 0 113.95(developed at Universit\216)FmTX 46 669 FmM 0 0 104.607(Pierre et Marie Curie.)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (169 138 391 273)FmKp (nc 138 169 273 391 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 90 tp -4 0 40 0 tc 21648 31500 15129 22050 th 1 1 pen 182 348 gm tt F 1 setTxMode 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (application layer )show te tu (nc 151 372 210 381 6 rc)kp (nc 144 175 267 385 6 rc)kp 64 gr 178 176 266 327 1 rc 0 gr 178.5 176.5 265.5 326.5 0 rc 0 0 pen 145 244 gm 145 244 lin nc ct 39 0 put 1 1 pen 178 177 gm bp 145 244 F qi 145 244 qc 145 384 qc 145 384 qc 178 326 qc 178 326 F qq ef 9 ec (nc 144 175 267 385 6 rc)kp 266 326 gm 228 384 lin 145 384 gm 228 384 lin 168 199 gm 168 346 lin 253 346 lin 247 177 gm 247 326 lin 224 176 gm 224 235 lin 201 176 gm 201 235 lin 236 235 lin 0 0 pen 236 225 gm 236 225 lin nc ct 39 0 put 1 1 pen 266 225 gm bp 236 225 F qi 236 225 qc 236 276 qc 236 276 qc 266 276 qc 266 276 qc 265 276 qc 265 276 F qq ef 9 ec (nc 144 175 267 385 6 rc)kp 201 267 gm 201 326 lin 201 267 gm 236 267 lin 224 267 gm 224 326 lin 201 326 gm 176 363 lin 223 326 gm 210 346 lin 247 326 gm 209 384 lin 176 363 gm 223 363 lin nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 90 tp -4 0 24 0 tc ts 191 353 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (signalling)show te tu (nc 171 365 206 374 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 327.00012 tp -3 0 20 0 tc ts 231 348 gm tt (data link )show te tu (nc 216 346 241 379 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 327.00012 tp -4 0 23 0 tc ts 237 347 gm tt (signalling)show te tu (nc 220 344 250 384 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 329.00042 tp -4 0 10 0 tc ts 208 347 gm tt (rcap)show te tu (nc 195 342 215 368 6 rc)kp ts 216 185 gm tu (nc 210 182 218 198 6 rc)kp ts (tcp)show tu 202 204 gm (nc 144 175 267 385 6 rc)kp 0 gr 224 204 lin ts 216 213 gm tu (nc 210 211 218 228 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (udp)show tu ts 238 196 gm tu (nc 232 193 240 205 6 rc)kp ts (ip)show tu ts 214 290 gm tu (nc 208 286 216 309 6 rc)kp ts (rmtp)show tu ts 235 291 gm tu (nc 229 286 237 308 6 rc)kp ts (rtip)show tu ts 244 244 gm tu (nc 238 239 246 259 6 rc)kp ts (aal)show tu ts 257 243 gm tu (nc 251 239 259 258 6 rc)kp ts (atm)show tu ts 259 187 gm tu (nc 253 184 261 218 6 rc)kp ts (data link )show tu ts 259 286 gm tu (nc 252 282 261 318 6 rc)kp ts (data link )show tu ts 194 226 gm tu (nc 187 221 196 289 6 rc)kp ts (application layer)show tu ts 175 237 gm tu (nc 169 232 178 308 6 rc)kp ts (data delivery plane)show tu ts 158 274 gm tu (nc 152 267 160 325 6 rc)kp ts (control plane)show tu EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 138 169 273 391 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 326 28 380 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 396 28 450 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 504 28 561 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 577 28 617 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 16 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 212.352 255 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 246.676 255 FmM 0 0 100.972(10. MASI Schematic)FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 279 FmM 0 0 179.637(3.10 End System QoS Framework)FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 296 FmM -0.3 0 14.997(At )FmTX 60.483 296 FmM -0.3 0 11.326(W)FmTX 70.851 296 FmM -0.3 0 100.313(ashington University)FmTX 170.085 296 FmM -0.3 0 347.514(, Gopal and Purulkar [72] have developed a QoS framework for provid-)FmTX 46 310 FmM 0.117 0 398.206(ing QoS guarantees within the end-system for networked multimedia applications. )FmTX 445.159 310 FmM 0.117 0 68.607(There are four)FmTX 46 324 FmM 0.058 0 91.641(components of the )FmTX 137.6 324 FmM 0.058 0 11.326(W)FmTX 147.968 324 FmM 0.058 0 356.563(ashington University end system QoS framework as illustrated in Figure 1)FmTX 504.666 324 FmM 0.058 0 9.334(1:)FmTX 46 338 FmM 0.247 0 55.658(QoS speci\336)FmTX 101.905 338 FmM 0.247 0 395.229(cation, QoS mapping, QoS enforcement and protocol implementation. QoS speci\336)FmTX 499.354 338 FmM 0.247 0 14.646(ca-)FmTX 46 352 FmM 0.159 0 465.141(tion is at a high level and uses a small number of parameters to allow applications greater ease in)FmTX 46 366 FmM 0.589 0 84.639(specifying their \337)FmTX 131.816 366 FmM 0.589 0 189.278(ow requirements. Based on QoS speci\336)FmTX 324.037 366 FmM 0.589 0 187.608(cation, QoS mapping operations derive)FmTX 46 380 FmM -0.544 0 473.44(resource requirements for each end-to-end application session. Important system resources consid-)FmTX 46 394 FmM 0.714 0 246.914(ered in [72] include the CPU, memory and network)FmTX 298.623 394 FmM 0.714 0 6(. )FmTX 305.123 394 FmM 0.714 0 204.595(The third component of framework is QoS)FmTX 46 408 FmM 0.388 0 464.124(enforcement. QoS enforcement is mainly concerned with providing real-time processing guaran-)FmTX 46 422 FmM 0.196 0 107.593(tees for media transfer)FmTX 153.522 422 FmM 0.196 0 6(. )FmTX 159.059 422 FmM 0.196 0 8.663(A)FmTX 167.063 422 FmM 0.196 0 93.618( real-time upcall \(R)FmTX 260.551 422 FmM 0.196 0 251.88(TU\) facility [81] has been developed for structuring)FmTX 46 436 FmM 0.375 0 58.658(protocols. R)FmTX 104.316 436 FmM 0.375 0 405.179(TUs are scheduled using a rate monotonic policy [12] with delayed pre-emption that)FmTX 46 450 FmM -0.522 0 474.782(takes advantage of the iterative nature of protocol processing to reduce context switching overhead)FmTX 46 464 FmM -0.097 0 184.579(and increase end-system scheduling ef)FmTX 229.978 464 FmM -0.097 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 236.649 464 FmM -0.097 0 31.313(ciency)FmTX 267.182 464 FmM -0.097 0 6(. )FmTX 272.871 464 FmM -0.097 0 28.327(The \336)FmTX 301.101 464 FmM -0.097 0 213.577(nal component of the framework is an appli-)FmTX 46 478 FmM 0.655 0 368.221(cation level protocol implementation model. Protocol code is structured as R)FmTX 420.051 478 FmM 0.655 0 92.64(TUs with attributes)FmTX 46 492 FmM 0 0 185.918(that are derived from high level speci\336)FmTX 231.918 492 FmM 0 0 174.296(cations by QoS mapping operations.)FmTX 182.408 686 FmM 0 0 34.324(Figure )FmTX 216.732 686 FmM 0 0 6(1)FmTX 222.29 686 FmM 0 0 158.303(1. End System QoS Framework )FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (156 86 404 235)FmKp (nc 86 156 235 404 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 94 360 192 398 1 rc 0 gr 94.5 360.5 191.5 397.5 0 rc 0 0 pen 117 188 gm 117 188 lin nc ct 39 0 put 32 gr pr 121 204 pl 117 188 pl 112 204 pl 117 204 pl 121 204 pl 1 ep 121 204 gm bp 117 188 T qi 117 188 qc 112 204 qc 112 204 qc 117 204 qc 117 204 qc 121 204 qc 121 204 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 115 322 118 324 1 rc 115 204 118 322 1 rc 64 gr 102 164 199 190 1 rc 1 1 pen 0 gr 102.5 164.5 198.5 189.5 0 rc 64 gr 96 321 198 364 1 rc 0 gr 96.5 321.5 197.5 363.5 0 rc 0 0 pen 187 200 gm 187 200 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 182 202 pl 187 200 pl 182 199 pl 182 200 pl 182 202 pl 1 ep 182 202 gm bp 187 200 T qi 187 200 qc 182 199 qc 182 199 qc 182 200 qc 182 200 qc 182 202 qc 182 202 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 133 200 gm 182 200 lin 0 0 pen 166 221 gm 166 221 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 160 223 pl 166 221 pl 160 219 pl 160 221 pl 160 223 pl 1 ep 160 223 gm bp 166 221 T qi 166 221 qc 160 219 qc 160 219 qc 160 221 qc 160 221 qc 160 223 qc 160 223 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 126 221 gm 160 221 lin 0 0 pen 125 266 gm 125 266 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 131 264 pl 125 266 pl 131 267 pl 131 266 pl 131 264 pl 1 ep 131 264 gm bp 125 266 T qi 125 266 qc 131 267 qc 131 267 qc 131 266 qc 131 266 qc 131 264 qc 131 264 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 143 266 gm 131 266 lin 0 0 pen 189 247 gm 189 247 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 183 248 pl 189 247 pl 183 245 pl 183 247 pl 183 248 pl 1 ep 183 248 gm bp 189 247 T qi 189 247 qc 183 245 qc 183 245 qc 183 247 qc 183 247 qc 183 248 qc 183 248 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 178 247 gm 183 247 lin 0 0 pen 189 221 gm 189 221 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 183 224 pl 189 221 pl 183 220 pl 183 221 pl 183 224 pl 1 ep 183 224 gm bp 189 221 T qi 189 221 qc 183 220 qc 183 220 qc 183 221 qc 183 221 qc 183 224 qc 183 224 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 178 221 gm 183 221 lin 0 0 pen 165 246 gm 165 246 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 159 248 pl 165 246 pl 159 245 pl 159 246 pl 159 248 pl 1 ep 159 248 gm bp 165 246 T qi 165 246 qc 159 245 qc 159 245 qc 159 246 qc 159 246 qc 159 248 qc 159 248 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 158 246 gm 159 246 lin 0 0 pen 144 245 gm 144 245 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 138 247 pl 144 245 pl 138 244 pl 138 245 pl 138 247 pl 1 ep 138 247 gm bp 144 245 T qi 144 245 qc 138 244 qc 138 244 qc 138 245 qc 138 245 qc 138 247 qc 138 247 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 124 245 gm 138 245 lin 0 0 pen 190 268 gm 190 268 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 184 269 pl 190 268 pl 184 266 pl 184 268 pl 184 269 pl 1 ep 184 269 gm bp 190 268 T qi 190 268 qc 184 266 qc 184 266 qc 184 268 qc 184 268 qc 184 269 qc 184 269 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 157 268 gm 184 268 lin 0 0 pen 191 190 gm 191 190 lin nc ct 39 0 put 32 gr pr 194 200 pl 191 190 pl 188 200 pl 191 200 pl 194 200 pl 1 ep 194 200 gm bp 191 190 T qi 191 190 qc 188 200 qc 188 200 qc 191 200 qc 191 200 qc 194 200 qc 194 200 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 190 200 192 320 1 rc 145 189 gm 145 189 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 148 200 pl 145 189 pl 142 200 pl 145 200 pl 148 200 pl 1 ep 148 200 gm bp 145 189 T qi 145 189 qc 142 200 qc 142 200 qc 145 200 qc 145 200 qc 148 200 qc 148 200 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 145 321 gm 145 321 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 147 321 pl 145 321 pl 144 200 pl 146 200 pl 147 321 pl 1 ep 147 321 gm bp 145 321 T qi 145 321 qc 144 200 qc 144 200 qc 146 200 qc 146 200 qc 147 321 qc 147 321 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 143 236 160 297 14 14 1 rr 1 1 pen 0 gr 143.5 236.5 159.5 296.5 13.5 13.5 0 rr 24934 18526 18769 13924 th 154 237 gm tu (nc 147 236 156 262 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (synchr)show tu ts 154 261 gm tu (nc 147 260 156 296 6 rc)kp ts (onisation)show tu 0 0 pen 168 189 gm (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 0 gr 168 189 lin nc ct 39 0 put 32 gr pr 171 200 pl 168 189 pl 165 200 pl 168 200 pl 171 200 pl 1 ep 171 200 gm bp 168 189 T qi 168 189 qc 165 200 qc 165 200 qc 168 200 qc 168 200 qc 171 200 qc 171 200 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 167 200 169 319 1 rc 64 gr 165 216 179 260 14 14 1 rr 1 1 pen 0 gr 165.5 216.5 178.5 259.5 13.5 13.5 0 rr ts 176 224 gm tu (nc 169 223 178 255 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (transpor)show tu ts 176 254 gm tu (nc 169 254 178 257 6 rc)kp ts (t)show tu (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 107 209 126 277 13.5 13.5 1 rr 0 gr 107.5 209.5 125.5 276.5 13.5 13.5 0 rr ts 116 227 gm tu (nc 109 226 118 269 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (application)show tu (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 189 211 204 287 13.5 13.5 1 rr 0 gr 189.5 211.5 203.5 286.5 13.5 13.5 0 rr ts 201 238 gm tu (nc 194 237 203 254 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (AAL)show tu ts 201 254 gm tu (nc 194 254 203 257 6 rc)kp ts ( )show tu (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 0 gr 149 189 151 190 1 rc 149 236 151 238 1 rc 149 190 151 236 1 rc 172 189 174 190 1 rc 172 218 174 220 1 rc 172 190 174 218 1 rc 194 193 197 194 1 rc 194 211 197 212 1 rc 194 194 197 211 1 rc ts 121 327 gm tu (nc 114 327 123 354 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (AQOSM)show tu ts 149 324 gm tu (nc 142 324 151 350 6 rc)kp ts (SQOSM)show tu ts 172 324 gm tu (nc 165 324 174 350 6 rc)kp ts (TQOSM)show tu ts 197 324 gm tu (nc 190 324 199 351 6 rc)kp ts (CQOSM)show tu ts 143 366 gm tu (nc 136 366 145 382 6 rc)kp ts (CPU)show tu ts 148 366 gm tu (nc 142 365 151 387 6 rc)kp ts (memor)show tu ts 149 387 gm tu (nc 142 386 151 391 6 rc)kp ts (y)show tu ts 157 367 gm tu (nc 151 366 160 380 6 rc)kp ts 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (I/O)show tu 0 0 pen 112 269 gm (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 0 gr 112 269 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 112 269 pl 112 269 pl 114 268 pl 114 269 pl 112 269 pl 1 ep bp 112 269 T qi 112 269 qc 114 268 qc 114 268 qc 114 269 qc 114 269 qc 112 269 qc 112 269 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 112 322 gm 112 322 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 112 321 pl 112 322 pl 115 322 pl 115 321 pl 112 321 pl 1 ep 112 321 gm bp 112 322 T qi 112 322 qc 115 322 qc 115 322 qc 115 321 qc 115 321 qc 112 321 qc 112 321 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 114 269 gm 114 269 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 112 269 pl 114 269 pl 115 321 pl 112 321 pl 112 269 pl 1 ep 112 269 gm bp 114 269 T qi 114 269 qc 115 321 qc 115 321 qc 112 321 qc 112 321 qc 112 269 qc 112 269 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 32 gr 144 236 146 237 1 rc 144 284 146 285 1 rc 144 237 146 284 1 rc 167 219 169 220 1 rc 167 262 169 263 1 rc 167 220 169 262 1 rc 190 211 192 212 1 rc 190 282 192 284 1 rc 190 212 192 282 1 rc ts 114 191 gm tu (nc 107 191 116 200 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (pr)show tu ts 114 199 gm tu (nc 107 198 116 209 6 rc)kp ts (o\336)show tu ts 114 208 gm tu (nc 107 207 116 215 6 rc)kp ts (le)show tu 176 333 gm (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 32 gr 176 333 lin nc ct 39 0 put 0 gr pr 185 331 pl 176 333 pl 185 336 pl 185 333 pl 185 331 pl 1 ep 185 331 gm bp 176 333 T qi 176 333 qc 185 336 qc 185 336 qc 185 333 qc 185 333 qc 185 331 qc 185 331 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 189 333 gm 185 333 lin 0 0 pen 151 333 gm 151 333 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 161 331 pl 151 333 pl 161 336 pl 161 333 pl 161 331 pl 1 ep 161 331 gm bp 151 333 T qi 151 333 qc 161 336 qc 161 336 qc 161 333 qc 161 333 qc 161 331 qc 161 331 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 165 333 gm 161 333 lin 0 0 pen 130 333 gm 130 333 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 139 330 pl 130 333 pl 139 336 pl 139 333 pl 139 330 pl 1 ep 139 330 gm bp 130 333 T qi 130 333 qc 139 336 qc 139 336 qc 139 333 qc 139 333 qc 139 330 qc 139 330 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 141 333 gm 139 333 lin 0 0 pen 107 356 gm 107 356 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 114 362 pl 107 356 pl 110 364 pl 112 363 pl 114 362 pl 1 ep 114 362 gm bp 107 356 T qi 107 356 qc 110 364 qc 110 364 qc 112 363 qc 112 363 qc 114 362 qc 114 362 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 112 363 gm 120 375 lin 32 gr 116 208 118 209 1 rc 116 287 118 288 1 rc 116 209 118 287 1 rc 64 gr 108 277 127 303 1 rc 0 gr 108.5 277.5 126.5 302.5 0 rc 0 0 pen 123 264 gm 123 264 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 125 273 pl 123 264 pl 120 273 pl 123 273 pl 125 273 pl 1 ep 125 273 gm bp 123 264 T qi 123 264 qc 120 273 qc 120 273 qc 123 273 qc 123 273 qc 125 273 qc 125 273 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 123 319 gm 123 273 lin ts 120 284 gm tu (nc 113 283 122 299 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (API)show tu (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 216 179 229 327 11.5 11.5 1 rr 0 gr 216.5 179.5 228.5 326.5 11.5 11.5 0 rr ts 223 239 gm tu (nc 216 238 225 268 6 rc)kp ts F 1 setTxMode (network)show tu (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 97 386 184 395 1 rc nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp -4 0 52 0 tc ts 142 351 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (resource management)show te tu (nc 97 386 184 395 6 rc)kp (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 123 353 188 362 1 rc nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp -4 0 42 0 tc ts 157 326 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (QoS management)show te tu (nc 123 353 188 362 6 rc)kp (nc 92 162 229 398 6 rc)kp 64 gr 103 172 195 181 1 rc nc ct 39 0 put 2 0 270 tp -4 0 58 0 tc ts 151 133 gm tt F 1 setTxMode (connection management)show te tu (nc 103 172 195 181 6 rc)kp EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 86 156 235 404 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (127 520 433 666)FmKp (nc 520 127 666 433 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin FmPI 1 1 pen (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 64 gr 526 136 663 432 1 rc 0 gr 526.5 136.5 662.5 431.5 0 rc 64 gr 560 142 657 428 1 rc 0 gr 560.5 142.5 656.5 427.5 0 rc 64 gr 532 210 551 359 1 rc 0 gr 532.5 210.5 550.5 358.5 0 rc 543 251 gm (nc 534 250 546 322 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 2 fs 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (QoS specification)show 0 0 pen 557 281 gm (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 0 gr 557 281 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 569 285 pl 557 281 pl 560 285 pl 557 289 pl 569 285 pl 1 ep 569 285 gm bp 557 281 T qi 557 281 qc 560 285 qc 560 285 qc 557 289 qc 557 289 qc 569 285 qc 569 285 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 548 285 gm 560 285 lin 543 162 gm (nc 534 161 546 208 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode (application )show nc ct 39 0 put 1 0 270 tp -4 0 23 0 tc 589 129 gm tt (application )show te (nc 563 145 610 157 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 1 0 270 tp -4 0 8 0 tc 587 151 gm tt (level )show te (nc 574 154 594 166 6 rc)kp nc ct 39 0 put 1 0 270 tp -3 0 19 0 tc 634 133 gm tt (resources)show te (nc 611 146 651 158 6 rc)kp (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 64 gr 569 169 604 302 18.5 18.5 1 rr 0 gr 569.5 169.5 603.5 301.5 18.5 18.5 0 rr 580 174 gm (nc 571 173 583 299 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode (application & protocol threads)show 591 184 gm (nc 583 183 605 245 6 rc)kp 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (processing)show 602 184 gm (requirements)show 590 246 gm (nc 582 245 604 307 6 rc)kp (buffer)show 601 246 gm (requirements)show (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 64 gr 569 306 604 415 18.5 18.5 1 rr 0 gr 569.5 306.5 603.5 414.5 18.5 18.5 0 rr 579 320 gm (nc 570 319 582 399 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (network connection)show 589 353 gm (nc 581 352 603 414 6 rc)kp 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (connection)show 600 353 gm (requirements)show 0 0 pen 626 168 gm (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 0 gr 626 168 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 616 165 pl 626 168 pl 623 165 pl 626 162 pl 616 165 pl 1 ep 616 165 gm bp 626 168 T qi 626 168 qc 623 165 qc 623 165 qc 626 162 qc 626 162 qc 616 165 qc 616 165 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 623 165 gm 644 165 lin 0 0 pen 647 187 gm 647 187 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 644 197 pl 647 187 pl 644 191 pl 641 187 pl 644 197 pl 1 ep 644 197 gm bp 647 187 T qi 647 187 qc 644 191 qc 644 191 qc 641 187 qc 641 187 qc 644 197 qc 644 197 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 644 165 gm 644 191 lin 642 170 gm 646 170 lin 642 175 gm 646 175 lin 642 180 gm 646 180 lin 642 185 gm 646 185 lin 64 gr 618 211 646 243 1 rc 0 gr 618.5 211.5 645.5 242.5 0 rc 618 226 gm 646 226 lin 629 211 gm 629 241 lin 634 211 gm 634 242 lin 624 211 gm 624 242 lin 640 211 gm 640 242 lin 618 226 gm 646 226 lin 617 234 gm 645 234 lin 618 218 gm 646 218 lin 64 gr 624 276 636 287 18.5 18.5 1 rr 0 gr 624.5 276.5 635.5 286.5 18.5 18.5 0 rr 0 0 pen 633 292 gm 633 292 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 629 302 pl 633 292 pl 629 295 pl 626 292 pl 629 302 pl 1 ep 629 302 gm bp 633 292 T qi 633 292 qc 629 295 qc 629 295 qc 626 292 qc 626 292 qc 629 302 qc 629 302 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 629 286 gm 629 295 lin 623 258 gm 623 270 lin 638 258 gm 638 270 lin 630 258 gm 630 275 lin 626 258 gm 626 270 lin 634 258 gm 634 270 lin 623 270 gm 626 277 lin 626 270 gm 628 276 lin 634 270 gm 631 276 lin 638 270 gm 633 277 lin 64 gr 618 341 627 351 1 ov 0 gr 618.5 341.5 626.5 350.5 0 ov 64 gr 618 341 627 351 1 ov 0 gr 618.5 341.5 626.5 350.5 0 ov 64 gr 630 371 639 381 1 ov 0 gr 630.5 371.5 638.5 380.5 0 ov 64 gr 630 352 639 361 1 ov 0 gr 630.5 352.5 638.5 360.5 0 ov 64 gr 631 332 640 342 1 ov 0 gr 631.5 332.5 639.5 341.5 0 ov 64 gr 630 396 640 408 1 rc 0 gr 630.5 396.5 639.5 407.5 0 rc 64 gr 617 311 627 323 1 rc 0 gr 617.5 311.5 626.5 322.5 0 rc 622 322 gm 622 346 lin 621 346 gm 634 356 lin 634 395 lin 0 0 2 9 5 2 dh 622 346 gm 635 336 lin rh psb pse 0 0 2 9 5 2 dh 634 337 gm 634 356 lin rh psb pse 0 0 pen 616 183 gm 616 183 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 626 177 pl 616 183 pl 621 182 pl 622 187 pl 626 177 pl 1 ep 626 177 gm bp 616 183 T qi 616 183 qc 621 182 qc 621 182 qc 622 187 qc 622 187 qc 626 177 qc 626 177 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 603 206 gm 621 182 lin 0 0 pen 616 242 gm 616 242 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 625 236 pl 616 242 pl 621 241 pl 621 246 pl 625 236 pl 1 ep 625 236 gm bp 616 242 T qi 616 242 qc 621 241 qc 621 241 qc 621 246 qc 621 246 qc 625 236 qc 625 236 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 602 265 gm 621 241 lin 0 0 pen 615 291 gm 615 291 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 622 283 pl 615 291 pl 619 290 pl 621 294 pl 622 283 pl 1 ep 622 283 gm bp 615 291 T qi 615 291 qc 619 290 qc 619 290 qc 621 294 qc 621 294 qc 622 283 qc 622 283 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 597 349 gm 619 290 lin 0 0 pen 607 329 gm 607 329 lin nc ct 39 0 put pr 616 322 pl 607 329 pl 612 328 pl 613 332 pl 616 322 pl 1 ep 616 322 gm bp 607 329 T qi 607 329 qc 612 328 qc 612 328 qc 613 332 qc 613 332 qc 616 322 qc 616 322 T qq qf qf ef 14 ec (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 1 1 pen 597 349 gm 612 328 lin 64 gr 606 340 618 411 1 rc 615 341 gm (nc 606 340 618 411 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( session manager)show (nc 524 134 664 433 6 rc)kp 64 gr 604 203 616 273 1 rc 613 204 gm (nc 604 203 616 273 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode (operating system)show 653 171 gm (nc 645 170 656 188 6 rc)kp 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn (cpu)show 654 210 gm (nc 646 209 657 241 6 rc)kp (memory)show 654 256 gm (nc 646 255 657 320 6 rc)kp (network interface)show 654 349 gm (nc 646 348 657 389 6 rc)kp (connection)show EndFramePicture 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 520 127 666 433 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin (46 74 514 722)FmKp (nc 74 46 722 514 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 288 28 496 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 17 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 83.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(4.)FmTX 64 83.333 FmM 0 0 73.879(Comparison)FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 107 FmM 0.298 0 463.822(In this section we present a simple qualitative comparison of QoS architectures survey in section)FmTX 46 121 FmM -0.46 0 12(3. )FmTX 57.327 121 FmM -0.46 0 11.326(W)FmTX 67.695 121 FmM -0.46 0 454.116(e use the elements of the generalised QoS framework \(described in section 2\) as a basis for the)FmTX 46 135 FmM 0 0 132.955(comparison summarized in )FmTX 178.741 135 FmM 0 0 7.33(T)FmTX 185.233 135 FmM 0 0 34.986(able 1. )FmTX 0 6 gm 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 64 574.666 FmM 0 0 111.904( - \322not addressed\323)FmTX 64 586.666 FmM 0 0 240.471(E/N \322addressed in detail in the end-system/network\323)FmTX 64 598.666 FmM 0 0 229.36(\(E\)/\(N\) \322mentioned only in the end-system/network\323)FmTX 64 610.666 FmM 0 0 207.993(R \322QoS renegotiation addressed in detail\323)FmTX 64 622.666 FmM 0 0 197.727(\(R\) \322QoS renegotiation mentioned only\323)FmTX 64 634.666 FmM 0 0 187.449(S \322QoS scaling addressed in detail\323 )FmTX 64 646.666 FmM 0 0 205.486(D \322QoS degradation addressed in detail\323 )FmTX 64 658.666 FmM 0 0 195.22(\(D\) \322QoS degradation mentioned only\323 )FmTX 64 670.666 FmM 0 0 7.219(A)FmTX 70.67 670.666 FmM 0 0 154.131( \322QoS availability in detail\323 )FmTX (51.854 481 508.146 487)FmKp 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 480 51 487 509 6 rc)kp 0 gr 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp F 1 setTxMode 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 51.854 493 FmM -0.497 0 6.245(a.)FmTX 58.098 493 FmM -0.497 0 2.25( )FmTX 59.691 493 FmM -0.497 0 355.337(The term \322E2E coordination\323 refers to the coordination of end-system and network resources for \337)FmTX 408.069 493 FmM -0.497 0 18.998(ows. )FmTX 426.409 493 FmM -0.497 0 83.228(This could be provided)FmTX 51.854 504 FmM 0.019 0 169.93(by a resource reservation protocol \(e.g., RSVP)FmTX 221.588 504 FmM 0.019 0 166.201( [48]\), connection setup protocol \(e.g., RCAP)FmTX 387.593 504 FmM 0.019 0 120.456( [51]\) or signalling protocol \(e.g.,)FmTX 51.854 515 FmM 0 0 54.224(UNI 4.0 [53]\). )FmTX 0 2 gm 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 51.854 538 FmM 0 0 242.909(The legend for the comparison table is as follows:)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 10 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 71.311 165.667 FmM 0 0 20.278(QoS )FmTX 67.147 177.667 FmM 0 0 28.606(Model )FmTX 69.654 189.667 FmM 0 0 23.591([Ref] )FmTX 140.657 177.667 FmM 0 0 58.611(QoS Provision)FmTX 308.202 177.667 FmM 0 0 50.833(QoS Control)FmTX 463.113 171.667 FmM 0 0 20.278(QoS )FmTX 445.903 183.667 FmM 0 0 52.2(Management)FmTX 0 2 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 72.2 222 FmM 0 0 18.25(QoS )FmTX 59.207 233 FmM 0 0 41.985(Mechanism)FmTX 0 4 gm 8 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 122.013 222.333 FmM 0 0 14.25(QoS)FmTX 114.668 232.333 FmM -1.883 0 30.945(Mapping )FmTX 162.746 212.333 FmM 0 0 20.037(Adm. )FmTX 157.401 222.333 FmM -0.166 0 30.726(Control / )FmTX 156.853 232.333 FmM -0.882 0 31.824(Resource )FmTX 155.96 242.333 FmM 0 0 31.605(allocation)FmTX 204.352 218.267 FmM 0 0 13.8(E2E)FmTX 0 5 gm 6 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 218.152 215.067 FmM 0 0 2.668(a)FmTX 0 6 gm 8 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 201.454 228.267 FmM 0 0 22.264(Coordi)FmTX 202.569 238.266 FmM 0 0 20.035(nation)FmTX 247.332 222.333 FmM 0 0 18.481(Flow )FmTX 237.538 232.333 FmM 0 0 36.064(Scheduling)FmTX 290.676 222.333 FmM 0 0 16.477(Flow)FmTX 285.778 232.333 FmM 0 0 26.272(Shaping)FmTX 328.26 222.333 FmM 0 0 18.481(Flow )FmTX 324.253 232.333 FmM 0 0 24.491(Control)FmTX 367.677 222.333 FmM 0 0 16.254(QoS )FmTX 361 232.333 FmM 0 0 27.605(Filtering)FmTX 407.028 217.333 FmM 0 0 16.477(Flow)FmTX 401.91 227.333 FmM 0 0 26.712(Synchro)FmTX 402.356 237.333 FmM 0 0 25.82(nization)FmTX 442.489 217.333 FmM 0 0 23.603(Monito)FmTX 445.72 227.333 FmM 0 0 19.145(ring / )FmTX 444.499 237.333 FmM 0 0 19.583(Alerts)FmTX 483.309 217.333 FmM 0 0 16.254(QoS )FmTX 479.083 227.333 FmM 0 0 22.702(Mainte)FmTX 481.09 237.333 FmM 0 0 18.689(nance)FmTX 0 7 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 263 FmM 0 0 37.74(XRM [28])FmTX 0 9 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 261.666 FmM 0 0 12.806(E N )FmTX 155.73 261.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 199.794 261.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(\(E\) N)FmTX 237.378 261.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(\(E\) N)FmTX 285.762 261.666 FmM 0 0 5.819( - )FmTX 324.066 261.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(N)FmTX 360.93 261.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 400.674 261.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 441.858 261.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(N)FmTX 478.722 261.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 0 10 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 282 FmM 0 0 25.493(QoS-A)FmTX 82.852 282 FmM 0 0 17.24( [68])FmTX 0 12 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 280.666 FmM 0 0 14.553(E N )FmTX 155.73 280.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(E \(N\))FmTX 199.794 280.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 237.378 280.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(E \(N\))FmTX 285.762 280.666 FmM 0 0 6.015( E)FmTX 324.066 280.666 FmM 0 0 8.918(\(E\))FmTX 360.93 280.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(\(E\) N)FmTX 400.674 280.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 441.858 280.666 FmM 0 0 7.762(E )FmTX 449.236 280.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(A)FmTX 453.895 280.666 FmM 0 0 6.791( D)FmTX 478.722 280.666 FmM 0 0 23.098(E N R S)FmTX 0 13 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 301 FmM 0 0 31.735(ISO [67])FmTX 0 15 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 299.666 FmM 0 0 20.36(\(E\) \(N\))FmTX 155.73 299.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 199.794 299.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 237.378 299.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 285.762 299.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 324.066 299.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 360.93 299.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 400.674 299.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 441.858 299.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 478.722 299.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 0 16 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 320 FmM 0 0 35.477(Heidelber)FmTX 93.17 320 FmM 0 0 6.75(g )FmTX 57.854 331 FmM 0 0 14.99([71])FmTX 0 18 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 318.666 FmM 0 0 20.36(\(E\) \(N\))FmTX 155.73 318.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 199.794 318.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 237.378 318.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(E \(N\))FmTX 285.762 318.666 FmM 0 0 8.918(\(E\))FmTX 324.066 318.666 FmM 0 0 9.695(\(N\))FmTX 360.93 318.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(N)FmTX 400.674 318.666 FmM 0 0 4.072(- )FmTX 441.858 318.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E D)FmTX 478.722 318.666 FmM 0 0 16.307(E R S)FmTX 0 19 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 350 FmM 0 0 21.487(TINA)FmTX 78.846 350 FmM 0 0 17.24( [76])FmTX 0 21 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 348.666 FmM 0 0 10.665( \(E\))FmTX 155.73 348.666 FmM 0 0 11.441( \(N\))FmTX 199.794 348.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(N)FmTX 237.378 348.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 285.762 348.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 324.066 348.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 360.93 348.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 400.674 348.666 FmM 0 0 9.695(\(N\))FmTX 441.858 348.666 FmM 0 0 11.441(\(N\) )FmTX 478.722 348.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 0 22 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 369 FmM 0 0 36.233(IETF [62])FmTX 0 24 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 367.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 155.73 367.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 199.794 367.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 237.378 367.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 285.762 367.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 324.066 367.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 360.93 367.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 400.674 367.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 441.858 367.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E N)FmTX 478.722 367.666 FmM 0 0 17.467(E N R)FmTX 0 25 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 388 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 62.723 388 FmM 0 0 32.229(enet [84])FmTX 0 27 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 386.666 FmM 0 0 12.806( E N)FmTX 155.73 386.666 FmM 0 0 6.791( N)FmTX 199.794 386.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(N)FmTX 237.378 386.666 FmM 0 0 6.791( N)FmTX 285.762 386.666 FmM 0 0 5.044(N)FmTX 324.066 386.666 FmM 0 0 8.918(\(E\))FmTX 360.93 386.666 FmM 0 0 6.791( N)FmTX 400.674 386.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 441.858 386.666 FmM 0 0 11.059(E D)FmTX 478.722 386.666 FmM 0 0 16.307(E R S)FmTX 0 28 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 407 FmM 0 0 41.985(MASI [77])FmTX 0 30 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 405.666 FmM 0 0 17.456( E \(N\))FmTX 155.73 405.666 FmM 0 0 17.456( E \(N\))FmTX 199.794 405.666 FmM 0 0 6.015(E )FmTX 237.378 405.666 FmM 0 0 6.015( E)FmTX 285.762 405.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 324.066 405.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 360.93 405.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 400.674 405.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 441.858 405.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 478.722 405.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 0 31 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 426 FmM 0 0 32.99(OMEGA)FmTX 90.349 426 FmM 0 0 2.25( )FmTX 57.854 437 FmM 0 0 14.99([70])FmTX 0 33 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 424.666 FmM 0 0 19.203( E, \(N\))FmTX 155.73 424.666 FmM 0 0 19.203( E, \(N\))FmTX 199.794 424.666 FmM 0 0 15.709(E \(N\))FmTX 237.378 424.666 FmM 0 0 17.456( E \(N\))FmTX 285.762 424.666 FmM 0 0 6.015( E)FmTX 324.066 424.666 FmM 0 0 6.015(E )FmTX 360.93 424.666 FmM 0 0 4.072( -)FmTX 400.674 424.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 441.858 424.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 478.722 424.666 FmM 0 0 12.422(E R )FmTX 0 34 gm 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 57.854 456 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 65.63 456 FmM 0 0 35.732(ashU [63])FmTX 0 36 gm 7 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 114.546 454.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 155.73 454.666 FmM 0 0 6.015(E )FmTX 237.378 454.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 285.762 454.666 FmM 0 0 4.268(E)FmTX 324.066 454.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 360.93 454.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 400.674 454.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 441.858 454.666 FmM 0 0 2.325(-)FmTX 478.722 454.666 FmM 0 0 10.675(E R)FmTX 0 37 gm 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 176.412 477 FmM 0 0 8.004(T)FmTX 183.314 477 FmM 0 0 37.324(able 1: )FmTX 0 40 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 220.639 477 FmM 0 0 98.985(Comparison of QoS )FmTX 318.965 477 FmM 0 0 64.623(Architectures)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 51.854 151.25 FmM 51.854 462.75 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.854 151.25 FmM 51.854 462.75 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 108.546 150.75 FmM 108.546 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 108.546 150.75 FmM 108.546 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 149.73 198.75 FmM 149.73 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 149.73 198.75 FmM 149.73 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 193.794 198.75 FmM 193.794 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 193.794 198.75 FmM 193.794 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 231.378 198.75 FmM 231.378 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 231.378 198.75 FmM 231.378 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 279.762 198.75 FmM 279.762 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 279.762 198.75 FmM 279.762 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 318.066 198.75 FmM 318.066 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 318.066 198.75 FmM 318.066 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 354.93 198.75 FmM 354.93 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 354.93 198.75 FmM 354.93 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 394.674 198.75 FmM 394.674 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 394.674 198.75 FmM 394.674 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 435.858 150.75 FmM 435.858 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 435.858 150.75 FmM 435.858 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 472.722 198.75 FmM 472.722 463.25 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 472.722 198.75 FmM 472.722 463.25 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 508.146 151.25 FmM 508.146 462.75 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 508.146 151.25 FmM 508.146 462.75 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 151 FmM 508.396 151 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 151 FmM 508.396 151 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 199 FmM 508.396 199 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 199 FmM 508.396 199 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 251 FmM 508.396 251 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 251 FmM 508.396 251 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 270 FmM 508.396 270 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 270 FmM 508.396 270 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 289 FmM 508.396 289 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 289 FmM 508.396 289 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 308 FmM 508.396 308 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 308 FmM 508.396 308 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 338 FmM 508.396 338 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 338 FmM 508.396 338 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 357 FmM 508.396 357 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 357 FmM 508.396 357 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 376 FmM 508.396 376 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 376 FmM 508.396 376 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 395 FmM 508.396 395 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 395 FmM 508.396 395 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 414 FmM 508.396 414 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 414 FmM 508.396 414 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 444 FmM 508.396 444 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 444 FmM 508.396 444 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt 0 0 lin 51.604 463 FmM 508.396 463 FmL false FmFl 0 0 lin 51.604 463 FmM 508.396 463 FmL false 0 0.5 FmSt F T cp %%Page: ? 18 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 83.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(5.)FmTX 64 83.333 FmM 0 0 63(Discussion)FmTX 0 3 gm 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 107 FmM 0.794 0 310.89(All QoS architectures surveyed in section 3 consider QoS speci\336)FmTX 364.033 107 FmM 0.794 0 147.586(cation \(e.g., services contracts,)FmTX 46 121 FmM 0.648 0 6.671(\337)FmTX 52.671 121 FmM 0.648 0 143.921(ow specs, and service and traf)FmTX 199.617 121 FmM 0.648 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 206.288 121 FmM 0.648 0 302.528(c classes, etc.\) to be fundamental in capturing application-level)FmTX 46 135 FmM -0.421 0 92.968(QoS requirements. )FmTX 137.466 135 FmM -0.421 0 260.235(Although there is a broad consensus on the need for a )FmTX 0 6 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 393.066 135 FmM -0.421 0 6(\337)FmTX 399.066 135 FmM -0.421 0 38.323(ow spec)FmTX 0 9 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 436.968 135 FmM -0.421 0 78.296( which captures)FmTX 46 149 FmM -0.513 0 475.175(quantitative performance requirements, there exist two schools of thought on what it should be. On)FmTX 46 163 FmM -0.464 0 117.973(the one hand, XRM and )FmTX 160.995 163 FmM -0.464 0 8.663(A)FmTX 168.328 163 FmM -0.464 0 168.281(TM [53] solutions are based on a \337)FmTX 333.363 163 FmM -0.464 0 185.273(ow spec that is made up of one or two)FmTX 46 177 FmM -0.637 0 166.248(QoS parameters that identify a traf)FmTX 208.851 177 FmM -0.637 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 215.522 177 FmM -0.637 0 276.217(c class and an average bandwidth. On the other hand, the )FmTX 484.521 177 FmM -0.637 0 7.33(T)FmTX 491.014 177 FmM -0.637 0 22.986(enet,)FmTX 46 191 FmM -0.29 0 33.99(QoS-A)FmTX 79.331 191 FmM -0.29 0 67.313( and OMEGA)FmTX 145.405 191 FmM -0.29 0 176.259( architectures adopt a multi-valued \337)FmTX 320.216 191 FmM -0.29 0 127.975(ow spec \(cf. RFC1633, ST)FmTX 445.93 191 FmM -0.29 0 47.988(-II, RSVP)FmTX 492.299 191 FmM -0.29 0 21.99(, Hi-)FmTX 46 205 FmM 0.798 0 29.32(eTS\). )FmTX 75.459 205 FmM 0.798 0 388.869(Although both of these proposals seem similar philosophically they are rather dif)FmTX 472.895 205 FmM 0.798 0 40.307(ferent in)FmTX 46 219 FmM 0.336 0 43.966(practice. )FmTX 90.088 219 FmM 0.336 0 63.65(The COMET)FmTX 153.861 219 FmM 0.336 0 66.299( group [28] ar)FmTX 220.955 219 FmM 0.336 0 116.988(gues that by limiting a \337)FmTX 339.624 219 FmM 0.336 0 133.617(ow spec to a set of well de\336)FmTX 475.595 219 FmM 0.336 0 34.313(ned ser)FmTX 510.006 219 FmM 0.336 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 233 FmM 0.381 0 152.268(vices in the end-system and traf)FmTX 199.959 233 FmM 0.381 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 206.63 233 FmM 0.381 0 303.56(c classes in the network, complexity in the end-system and net-)FmTX 46 247 FmM 0.147 0 186.583(work is more manageable. In contrast, )FmTX 233.253 247 FmM 0.147 0 7.33(T)FmTX 239.745 247 FmM 0.147 0 59.977(enet, QoS-A)FmTX 299.21 247 FmM 0.147 0 67.313( and OMEGA)FmTX 366.158 247 FmM 0.147 0 147.252( architectures consider such an)FmTX 46 261 FmM -0.124 0 159.275(approach unnecessarily limiting. )FmTX 204.691 261 FmM -0.124 0 76.629(These groups ar)FmTX 280.859 261 FmM -0.124 0 74.317(gue that by de\336)FmTX 354.806 261 FmM -0.124 0 159.935(ning a set of discrete QoS classes)FmTX 46 275 FmM -0.365 0 473.848(applications may be unduly constrained to conform to a QoS class which may not meet the desired)FmTX 46 289 FmM 0 0 176.596(application-level QoS requirements. )FmTX 46 313 FmM 0.493 0 428.127(Level of service \(section 2.2\) expresses the degree of certainty that the QoS levels speci\336)FmTX 481.028 313 FmM 0.493 0 31.986(ed in a)FmTX 46 327 FmM 0.288 0 6.671(\337)FmTX 52.671 327 FmM 0.288 0 219.888(ow spec will be honored. Each architecture of)FmTX 274.363 327 FmM 0.288 0 42.633(fers a dif)FmTX 317.358 327 FmM 0.288 0 194.912(ferent set of services to applications. For)FmTX 46 341 FmM 0.242 0 64.307(example, the )FmTX 110.576 341 FmM 0.242 0 11.326(W)FmTX 120.945 341 FmM 0.242 0 390.879(ashington University QoS Framework supports three application classes to which)FmTX 46 355 FmM -0.088 0 131.968(it maps applications level \337)FmTX 177.615 355 FmM -0.088 0 25.33(ows. )FmTX 202.643 355 FmM -0.088 0 83.631(These include: i\) )FmTX 0 12 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 286.01 355 FmM -0.088 0 100.655(an isochronous class)FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 386.489 355 FmM -0.088 0 3(,)FmTX 389.489 355 FmM -0.088 0 124.951( which is suitable for con-)FmTX 46 369 FmM -0.307 0 77.326(tinuous media \337)FmTX 122.712 369 FmM -0.307 0 39.325(ows; ii\) )FmTX 0 18 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 161.424 369 FmM -0.307 0 9(a )FmTX 170.117 369 FmM -0.307 0 51.662(burst class)FmTX 0 21 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 221.472 369 FmM -0.307 0 248.552(, which is appropriate for bulk data transfer; and iii\))FmTX 0 24 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 467.263 369 FmM -0.307 0 3( )FmTX 469.956 369 FmM -0.307 0 44.657(a low de-)FmTX 46 383 FmM 1.197 0 41.654(lay class)FmTX 0 27 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 88.851 383 FmM 1.197 0 3(,)FmTX 91.851 383 FmM 1.197 0 404.2( which is suitable for applications that require a small response time such as an RPC)FmTX 46 397 FmM -0.151 0 40.646(request. )FmTX 86.282 397 FmM -0.151 0 21.656(The )FmTX 107.574 397 FmM -0.151 0 11.326(W)FmTX 117.942 397 FmM -0.151 0 397.866(ashington QoS Framework assumes that all applications fall into one of these three)FmTX 46 411 FmM -0.178 0 133.934(general application classes. )FmTX 179.186 411 FmM -0.178 0 332.839(While all architectures provide services based on both hard \(i.e., guar)FmTX 510.006 411 FmM -0.178 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 425 FmM 0.186 0 172.898(anteed service\) and soft \(i.e., best ef)FmTX 219.799 425 FmM 0.186 0 136.942(fort\) QoS guarantees it is dif)FmTX 357.455 425 FmM 0.186 0 6.671(\336)FmTX 364.126 425 FmM 0.186 0 148.945(cult to determine which set op-)FmTX 46 439 FmM -0.601 0 172.603(timally covers the application base. )FmTX 214.937 439 FmM -0.601 0 303.873(Additional services found in the literature include the predicted)FmTX 46 453 FmM 0.331 0 172.896(service \(IETF\), statistical service \(T)FmTX 219.381 453 FmM 0.331 0 123.949(enet, XRM and Heidelber)FmTX 344.109 453 FmM 0.331 0 167.906(g\) and the available bit rate service)FmTX 46 467 FmM 0 0 12.656(\(A)FmTX 57.326 467 FmM 0 0 62.988(TM Forum\). )FmTX 46 491 FmM 0.222 0 11.326(W)FmTX 56.849 491 FmM 0.222 0 259.594(ith the exception of the IETF work \(which uses RSVP)FmTX 317.996 491 FmM 0.222 0 194.895( maintained state\) all architectures advo-)FmTX 46 505 FmM 0.781 0 190.559(cate connection oriented or \324hard state\325)FmTX 240.358 505 FmM 0.781 0 266.61( solutions to network level QoS provision; that is, hard-)FmTX 46 519 FmM -0.051 0 280.541(state couples path establishment and resource reservation. )FmTX 325.971 519 FmM -0.051 0 11.326(W)FmTX 336.339 519 FmM -0.051 0 174.261(ork in the IETF on an Integrated Ser)FmTX 510.007 519 FmM -0.051 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 533 FmM -0.553 0 27.653(vices )FmTX 72.441 533 FmM -0.553 0 125.959(Architecture \(using RSVP)FmTX 196.852 533 FmM -0.553 0 55.661( and IPv6 \337)FmTX 250.855 533 FmM -0.553 0 267.568(ows\) described in section 3.4 assumes that network lev-)FmTX 46 547 FmM 1.586 0 237.568(el QoS guarantees can be built using a \324soft state\325)FmTX 296.958 547 FmM 1.586 0 205.937( approach; that is, no explicit connection is)FmTX 46 561 FmM -0.446 0 81.319(established but \337)FmTX 126.428 561 FmM -0.446 0 392.476(ows traverse intermediate routers on paths that are temporarily \(i.e., network state)FmTX 46 575 FmM 0.911 0 456.152(is timed out and periodically refreshed\) established. In this instance, path establishment and re-)FmTX 46 589 FmM -0.055 0 194.218(source reservation are decoupled. It is ar)FmTX 239.672 589 FmM -0.055 0 272.549(gued that a soft state approach provides better scalability)FmTX 511 589 FmM -0.055 0 3(,)FmTX 46 603 FmM -0.04 0 468.475(robustness, and eradicates the round-trip call setup time found in connection oriented approaches.)FmTX 46 617 FmM -0.449 0 35.979(In [66] )FmTX 80.868 617 FmM -0.449 0 7.33(T)FmTX 87.779 617 FmM -0.449 0 193.245(urner suggests a hybrid approach called )FmTX 0 30 gm 2 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt bn ( )show 278.116 617 FmM -0.449 0 7.33(A)FmTX 285.004 617 FmM -0.449 0 40.992(TM-soft )FmTX 0 33 gm 0 fs bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 325.547 617 FmM -0.449 0 61.646(which bene\336)FmTX 386.745 617 FmM -0.449 0 129.949(ts from the use of soft state)FmTX 46 631 FmM -0.148 0 52.98(in a native )FmTX 97.879 631 FmM -0.148 0 8.663(A)FmTX 105.212 631 FmM -0.148 0 410.854(TM environment. It is still too early to determine which approach is more suitable for)FmTX 46 645 FmM -0.566 0 373.854(future QoS architectures given the need to support both high-end \(e.g., telesur)FmTX 413.416 645 FmM -0.566 0 102.281(gery and time critical)FmTX 46 659 FmM 0 0 452.174(applications\) and low-end \(e.g., video conferencing and audio tools\) multimedia applications. )FmTX 46 683 FmM 0.77 0 459.527(Commonalities exists between QoS control and management strategies found in the end-system)FmTX 46 697 FmM -0.39 0 409.192(and network: e.g, admission control, resource management, scheduling mechanisms. )FmTX 451.469 697 FmM -0.39 0 63.311(The extent to)FmTX 46 711 FmM -0.461 0 474.454(which network level QoS mechanisms are applicable in the end-systems \(or vice versa\) remains an)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 19 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 82 FmM 0.323 0 462.826(open issue. End-system and network devices can be modelled in a similar way: the only real dif-)FmTX 46 96 FmM -0.111 0 469.772(ference is the overall goal that end-system or network devices are set to achieve. For example, the)FmTX 46 110 FmM -0.189 0 338.224(XRM models the end-system as a virtual switch [28] and a set of con\336)FmTX 381.763 110 FmM -0.189 0 132.615(gurable multimedia devices)FmTX 46 124 FmM -0.2 0 470.804(based on a DAN architecture [16]. It is evident that commonalities exist between scheduling strat-)FmTX 46 138 FmM 0.211 0 465.472(egies found in switches/routers and end-system operating systems \(e.g., fair share techniques can)FmTX 46 152 FmM 0.051 0 283.562(be found in the end-system and network switches/routers\). )FmTX 329.753 152 FmM 0.051 0 155.622(This seems encouraging in the \336)FmTX 485.628 152 FmM 0.051 0 28.321(rst in-)FmTX 46 166 FmM -0.548 0 35.979(stance. )FmTX 80.772 166 FmM -0.548 0 8.663(A)FmTX 88.776 166 FmM -0.548 0 51.299( counter ar)FmTX 138.765 166 FmM -0.548 0 83.303(gument, however)FmTX 221.042 166 FmM -0.548 0 214.597(, is that end-systems have fundamentally dif)FmTX 431.588 166 FmM -0.548 0 82.96(ferent scheduling)FmTX 46 180 FmM 0.705 0 458.839(goals than routers and switches. End-systems schedule a wide variety of both isochronous \(e.g.,)FmTX 46 194 FmM 0.875 0 94.652(continuous media \337)FmTX 142.402 194 FmM 0.875 0 362.848(ows\) and asynchronous \(e.g., RPCs\) work whereas switches and routers are)FmTX 46 208 FmM 0 0 273.601(mainly involved with switching/routing of cells/packets. )FmTX 319.389 208 FmM 0 0 194.607(This means that in the end-system appli-)FmTX 46 222 FmM -0.277 0 472.151(cation execution times \(i.e., quantum [16] of work in Figure 2\) can vary widely \(e.g., uncompress-)FmTX 46 236 FmM -0.013 0 62.991(ing a video \337)FmTX 108.952 236 FmM -0.013 0 405.202(ow is computationally more intensive than displaying video to a screen\). In contrast,)FmTX 46 250 FmM -0.318 0 472.45(switch and router schedulers are generally moving packets/cells from queues to ports or vice versa)FmTX 46 264 FmM -0.438 0 152.268(and are optimized for that task. )FmTX 195.423 264 FmM -0.438 0 322.523(Therefore, techniques resident in switches \(such as HRR [22]\) may)FmTX 46 278 FmM 0 0 205.937(be inappropriate in host operating systems.)FmTX 0 3 gm 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 309.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(6.)FmTX 64 309.333 FmM 0 0 66.893(Conclusion)FmTX 0 6 gm 0 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 333 FmM 0.694 0 114.935(In this paper we have ar)FmTX 164.19 333 FmM 0.694 0 343.564(gued that multimedia systems designers should adopt an end-to-end ap-)FmTX 46 347 FmM 0.874 0 249.902(proach to meet application level QoS requirements. )FmTX 301.807 347 FmM 0.874 0 7.33(T)FmTX 308.299 347 FmM 0.874 0 199.582(o meet this challenge we have proposed a)FmTX 46 361 FmM 0.749 0 242.25(generalised QoS framework that is motivated by \336)FmTX 293.493 361 FmM 0.749 0 215.265(ve design principles; that is, the principles of)FmTX 46 375 FmM 0.433 0 174.58(integration, separation, transparency)FmTX 220.666 375 FmM 0.433 0 289.872(, multiple timescales and performance. Elements of our gen-)FmTX 46 389 FmM -0.025 0 189.914(eralised framework include QoS speci\336)FmTX 235.813 389 FmM -0.025 0 237.255(cation and static and dynamic QoS management. )FmTX 472.678 389 FmM -0.025 0 11.326(W)FmTX 483.046 389 FmM -0.025 0 30.979(e have)FmTX 46 403 FmM 0.573 0 461.121(summarized and evaluated key research in QoS architecture for distributed systems presenting a)FmTX 46 417 FmM 0.369 0 230.93(discussion of some of the open issues that emer)FmTX 280.033 417 FmM 0.369 0 227.262(ged during a comparison of the existing QoS ar)FmTX 510.006 417 FmM 0.369 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 431 FmM -0.067 0 57.967(chitectures. )FmTX 103.686 431 FmM -0.067 0 407.502(While the area of QoS research in multimedia networking is mature, work on QoS ar)FmTX 510.007 431 FmM -0.067 0 3.993(-)FmTX 46 445 FmM 2.015 0 443.815(chitecture remains in its early stages of development with no substantial performance results)FmTX 46 459 FmM 0.123 0 466.16(having been published to validate the approach. Given that, the work presented in this paper con-)FmTX 46 473 FmM -0.623 0 475.479(tributes towards a qualitative understanding of the key principles, services and mechanisms needed)FmTX 46 487 FmM 0 0 236.294(to build end-to-end QoS into distributed systems.)FmTX 0 9 gm 1 fs 14 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 46 518.333 FmM 0 0 10.5(7.)FmTX 64 518.333 FmM 0 0 33.407(Refer)FmTX 97.158 518.333 FmM 0 0 31.869(ences)FmTX 0 12 gm 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 189.326 542 FmM 0 0 59.335(GENERAL)FmTX 248.002 542 FmM 0 0 122.672( QoS BIBLIOGRAPHY)FmTX 0 15 gm 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 564 FmM 0 0 10.49([1])FmTX 68 564 FmM 3.129 0 26.987(Keshav)FmTX 94.403 564 FmM 3.129 0 71.486(, S., \322Report on the )FmTX 181.375 564 FmM 3.129 0 8.495(W)FmTX 189.151 564 FmM 3.129 0 232.176(orkshop on Quality of Service Issues in High Speed Networks\323, )FmTX 452.126 564 FmM 3.129 0 58.744(ACM Computer)FmTX 68.032 577 FmM 0 0 91.235(Communications Review)FmTX 158.682 577 FmM 0 0 4.5(, )FmTX 163.022 577 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 168.359 577 FmM 0 0 114.227(ol. 22, No. 1, pop 6-15, January)FmTX 282.002 577 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1993.)FmTX 46 594 FmM 0 0 10.49([2])FmTX 68 594 FmM 1.006 0 41.24(Kurose, J.F)FmTX 109.529 594 FmM 1.006 0 369.371(., \322Open Issues and Challenges in Providing Quality of Service Guarantees in High Speed Networks\323, )FmTX 493.499 594 FmM 1.006 0 20.5(ACM)FmTX 68.032 607 FmM 0 0 129.478(Computer Communications Review)FmTX 196.926 607 FmM 0 0 4.5(, )FmTX 201.265 607 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 206.603 607 FmM 0 0 132.227(ol 23, No 1, pop 6-15, January 1993.)FmTX 46 624 FmM 0 0 10.49([3])FmTX 68 624 FmM 0.407 0 6.497(V)FmTX 73.337 624 FmM 0.407 0 19.995(ogel, )FmTX 93.246 624 FmM 0.407 0 69.987(A.,Bochmann, G. v)FmTX 163.463 624 FmM 0.407 0 39.241(., Disallow)FmTX 202.527 624 FmM 0.407 0 111.964(, R., Geckos, J. and B. Kerherv)FmTX 316.352 624 FmM 0.407 0 95.476(, \322Distributed Multimedia )FmTX 412.555 624 FmM 0.407 0 100.222(Applications and Quality of)FmTX 68.032 637 FmM 0 0 34.477(Service - )FmTX 102.015 637 FmM 0 0 6.497(A)FmTX 108.018 637 FmM 0 0 124.717( Survey\323, IEEE Multimedia, 1994.)FmTX 46 654 FmM 0 0 10.49([4])FmTX 68 654 FmM 2.539 0 262.143(Miloucheva, I. \322Quality of Service Research for Distributed Multimedia )FmTX 352.502 654 FmM 2.539 0 54.483(Applications\323, )FmTX 409.03 654 FmM 2.539 0 43.247(ACM Paci\336)FmTX 454.816 654 FmM 2.539 0 6.245(c )FmTX 463.439 654 FmM 2.539 0 8.495(W)FmTX 471.215 654 FmM 2.539 0 40.245(orkshop on)FmTX 68.032 667 FmM 0 0 141.73(Distributed Multimedia Systems, 1995.)FmTX 46 684 FmM 0 0 10.49([5])FmTX 68 684 FmM -0.218 0 60.728(Partridge, C., \322A)FmTX 127.798 684 FmM -0.218 0 83.74( Proposed Flow Speci\336)FmTX 210.885 684 FmM -0.218 0 287.15(cation\323, Internet Request for Comments, no. 1363, Network Information Center)FmTX 495.717 684 FmM -0.218 0 18.501(, SRI)FmTX 68.032 697 FmM 0 0 175.197(International, Menlo Park, CA, September 1990.)FmTX 46 714 FmM 0 0 10.49([6])FmTX 68 714 FmM 0.256 0 24.983(Saltzer)FmTX 92.625 714 FmM 0.256 0 148.452(, J., Reed, D., and D. Clark, \322End-to-end )FmTX 242.633 714 FmM 0.256 0 9.492(Ar)FmTX 251.964 714 FmM 0.256 0 108.233(guments in Systems Design\323, )FmTX 360.728 714 FmM 0.256 0 22.75(ACM )FmTX 383.574 714 FmM 0.256 0 5.498(T)FmTX 388.758 714 FmM 0.256 0 124.473(ransactions on Computer Systems,)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 558 28 640 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 678 28 700 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 20 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 68.032 80 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 73.369 80 FmM 0 0 69.748(ol. 2., No. 4., 1984.)FmTX 46 97 FmM 0 0 10.49([7])FmTX 68 97 FmM 1.141 0 5.498(T)FmTX 72.869 97 FmM 1.141 0 428.581(ennenhouse, D.L., \322Layered Multiplexing Considered Harmful\323, Protocols for High-Speed Networks, Elsevier Science)FmTX 68.032 110 FmM 0 0 123.464(Publishers \(North-Holland\), 1990.)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0 0 10.49([8])FmTX 68 127 FmM -0.187 0 71.73(Clark, D., and D.L. )FmTX 138.822 127 FmM -0.187 0 5.498(T)FmTX 143.691 127 FmM -0.187 0 307.112(ennenhouse, \322Architectural Consideration for a New Generation of Protocols\323, Proc. )FmTX 448.44 127 FmM -0.187 0 65.747(ACM SIGCOMM)FmTX 68.032 140 FmM 0 0 86.234(\32490, Philadelphia, 1984.)FmTX 46 157 FmM 0 0 10.49([9])FmTX 68 157 FmM -0.05 0 28.993(Bansal, )FmTX 96.783 157 FmM -0.05 0 6.497(V)FmTX 102.12 157 FmM -0.05 0 97.471(., Siracusa, R.J, Hearn, J. P)FmTX 198.346 157 FmM -0.05 0 218.18(., Ramamurthy and D. Raychaudhuri, \322Adaptive QoS-based )FmTX 415.684 157 FmM -0.05 0 98.464(API for Networking\323, Fifth)FmTX 68.032 170 FmM 0.046 0 48.226(International )FmTX 116.143 170 FmM 0.046 0 8.495(W)FmTX 123.919 170 FmM 0.046 0 229.188(orkshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital )FmTX 353.025 170 FmM 0.046 0 39.992(Audio and )FmTX 392.949 170 FmM 0.046 0 6.497(V)FmTX 398.908 170 FmM 0.046 0 114.954(ideo, Durham, New Hampshire,)FmTX 68.032 183 FmM 0 0 43.743(April, 1995.)FmTX 46 200 FmM 0 0 14.99([10])FmTX 68 200 FmM 1.009 0 19.993(Kelly)FmTX 87.409 200 FmM 1.009 0 9.503(, F)FmTX 97.202 200 FmM 1.009 0 9.503(. P)FmTX 106.716 200 FmM 1.009 0 23.992(., \322On )FmTX 132.565 200 FmM 1.009 0 5.498(T)FmTX 137.434 200 FmM 1.009 0 12.485(arif)FmTX 149.758 200 FmM 1.009 0 58.489(fs, Policing and )FmTX 210.779 200 FmM 1.009 0 295.152(Admission Control for Multiservice Networks\323, Proc. Multiservice Networks \32493,)FmTX 68.032 213 FmM -0.333 0 29.487(Cosener)FmTX 97.851 213 FmM -0.333 0 2.995(\325)FmTX 100.352 213 FmM -0.333 0 33.242(s House, )FmTX 132.433 213 FmM -0.333 0 232.433(Abingdon, July 1993, and Internal Report, Statistical Laboratory)FmTX 361.951 213 FmM -0.333 0 153.714(, University of Cambridge, England, 1993.)FmTX 46 230 FmM 0 0 7.495([1)FmTX 53.163 230 FmM 0 0 7.495(1])FmTX 68 230 FmM 0 0 116.227(C. Liu, J. Layland, \322Scheduling )FmTX 183.732 230 FmM 0 0 175.452(Algorithms for Multiprogramming in Hard Real )FmTX 359.024 230 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 364.207 230 FmM 0 0 119.979(ime Environment\323, JACM, 1973.)FmTX 46 247 FmM 0 0 14.99([12])FmTX 68 247 FmM 0.437 0 265.166(Stankovic et al., \322Implications of Classical Scheduling Results for Real-T)FmTX 336.786 247 FmM 0.437 0 111.97(ime Systems\323, IEEE Computer)FmTX 449.71 247 FmM 0.437 0 62.978(, Special Issue on)FmTX 68.032 260 FmM 0 0 82.973(Scheduling and Real-T)FmTX 150.691 260 FmM 0 0 89.24(ime Systems, June 1995.)FmTX 46 277 FmM 0 0 14.99([13])FmTX 68 277 FmM 0 0 37.49(Jacobson, )FmTX 105.33 277 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 110.667 277 FmM 0 0 43.482(., \(1994\) \322V)FmTX 152.988 277 FmM 0 0 6.497(A)FmTX 158.488 277 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 163.537 277 FmM 0 0 4.75(: )FmTX 168.128 277 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 174.086 277 FmM 0 0 19.246(isual )FmTX 192.838 277 FmM 0 0 24.748(Audio )FmTX 217.425 277 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 222.294 277 FmM 0 0 122.968(ool\323, vat manual pages, Feb 1993.)FmTX 46 294 FmM 0 0 14.99([14])FmTX 68 294 FmM 0.767 0 82.723(Kanakia, H., Mishra, P)FmTX 152.027 294 FmM 0.767 0 21.995(., and )FmTX 175.061 294 FmM 0.767 0 91.472(A. Reibman, \(1993\) \322An )FmTX 269.108 294 FmM 0.767 0 170.455(Adaptive Congestion Control Scheme for Real )FmTX 444.005 294 FmM 0.767 0 5.498(T)FmTX 449.189 294 FmM 0.767 0 41.983(ime Packet )FmTX 492.546 294 FmM 0.767 0 6.497(V)FmTX 498.505 294 FmM 0.767 0 15.495(ideo)FmTX 68.032 307 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 73.215 307 FmM 0 0 58.972(ransport\323, Proc. )FmTX 131.693 307 FmM 0 0 213.702(ACM SIGCOMM \32493, San Francisco, USA, October 1993.)FmTX 46 324 FmM 0 0 14.99([15])FmTX 68 324 FmM 1.092 0 20.496(Paci\336)FmTX 88.496 324 FmM 1.092 0 75.478(ci, G., and R. Stadler)FmTX 167.985 324 FmM 1.092 0 21.742(, \322An )FmTX 191.417 324 FmM 1.092 0 313.846(Architecture for Performance Management of Multimedia Networks\323, Proc. IFIP/IEEE)FmTX 68.032 337 FmM 0 0 322.884(International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, Santa Barbara, May 1995.)FmTX 46 354 FmM 0 0 14.99([16])FmTX 68 354 FmM 0 0 24.482(Hayter)FmTX 92.124 354 FmM 0 0 80.224(, M. and D. McAurely)FmTX 171.764 354 FmM 0 0 45.479(, \322The Desk )FmTX 216.749 354 FmM 0 0 59.711(Area Network\323, )FmTX 275.965 354 FmM 0 0 120.722(ACM Operating Systems Review)FmTX 396.103 354 FmM 0 0 55.982(, October 1991.)FmTX 46 371 FmM 0 0 14.99([17])FmTX 68 371 FmM 0.069 0 5.498(T)FmTX 72.869 371 FmM 0.069 0 70.229(ennenhouse, D. L., )FmTX 142.811 371 FmM 0.069 0 34.996(Adam J.F)FmTX 177.158 371 FmM 0.069 0 31.232(., Carver)FmTX 208.101 371 FmM 0.069 0 180.215(, D., Houh, H.H., Ismert M., Linblad, C.J., Stasior)FmTX 388.51 371 FmM 0.069 0 4.5(, )FmTX 392.919 371 FmM 0.069 0 8.495(W)FmTX 400.587 371 FmM 0.069 0 6.75(., )FmTX 407.246 371 FmM 0.069 0 8.495(W)FmTX 415.022 371 FmM 0.069 0 98.701(etherall, D., Bacher D., and)FmTX 68.032 384 FmM 1.103 0 5.498(T)FmTX 72.864 384 FmM 1.103 0 42.99(. Chang, \322A)FmTX 117.564 384 FmM 1.103 0 70.712( Software Oriented )FmTX 191.09 384 FmM 1.103 0 311.882(Approach to the Design of Media Processing Environments,\323 Proc. IEEE International)FmTX 68.032 397 FmM 0 0 241.965(Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Boston, 1994.)FmTX 46 414 FmM 0 0 14.99([18])FmTX 68 414 FmM 0.388 0 23.994(Little, )FmTX 92.222 414 FmM 0.388 0 5.498(T)FmTX 97.054 414 FmM 0.388 0 36.745(.D.C, and )FmTX 134.081 414 FmM 0.388 0 40.979(A. Ghafoor)FmTX 175.091 414 FmM 0.388 0 334.637(, \322Synchronisation Properties and Storage Models for Multimedia Objects\323, IEEE Journal on)FmTX 68.032 427 FmM 0 0 32.733(Selected )FmTX 100.27 427 FmM 0 0 100.477(Areas on Communications, )FmTX 200.586 427 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 205.924 427 FmM 0 0 92.993(ol. 8, No. 3, pp. 229-238, )FmTX 298.422 427 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1990.)FmTX 46 444 FmM 0 0 14.99([19])FmTX 68 444 FmM -0.286 0 28.982(Escobar)FmTX 96.624 444 FmM -0.286 0 421.376(, J., Deutsch, D. and C. Partridge, \322Flow Synchronisation Protocol\323, IEEE GLOBECOM\32592, Orlando, Fl., December)FmTX 68.032 457 FmM 0 0 20.25(1992.)FmTX 0 2 gm 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 69.099 476 FmM 0 0 144.683(DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS )FmTX 213.123 476 FmM 0 0 70.983(AND OPERA)FmTX 283.218 476 FmM 0 0 207.683(TNG SYSTEMS QoS BIBLIOGRAPHY)FmTX 0 5 gm 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 498 FmM 0 0 14.99([20])FmTX 68 498 FmM -0.522 0 139.735(Hutchison, D., Coulson G., Campbell, )FmTX 204.629 498 FmM -0.522 0 316.16(A., and G. Blair , \322Quality of Service Management in Distributed Systems\323, M. Sloman)FmTX 68.032 511 FmM 0 0 190.692(ed., Network and Distributed Systems Management, )FmTX 258.23 511 FmM 0 0 32.748(Addison )FmTX 290.817 511 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 298.593 511 FmM 0 0 18.49(esley)FmTX 316.499 511 FmM 0 0 39.738(, Chapter 1)FmTX 355.905 511 FmM 0 0 29.25(1, 1994.)FmTX 46 528 FmM 0 0 14.99([21])FmTX 68 528 FmM 0.276 0 69.489(APM Ltd , \322ANSA)FmTX 137.491 528 FmM 0.276 0 128.448(ware 3.0 Implementation Manual\323, )FmTX 266.549 528 FmM 0.276 0 244.964(APM Ltd, Poseidon House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0RD, UK,)FmTX 68.032 541 FmM 0 0 20.25(1991.)FmTX 46 558 FmM 0 0 14.99([22])FmTX 68 558 FmM 0.815 0 251.442(Open Software Foundation, \323Distributed Computing Environment\323, 1)FmTX 324.002 558 FmM 0.815 0 72.976(1 Cambridge Center)FmTX 398.25 558 FmM 0.815 0 63.486(, Cambridge, MA)FmTX 462.872 558 FmM 0.815 0 49.498( 02142, USA,)FmTX 68.032 571 FmM 0 0 20.25(1992.)FmTX 46 588 FmM 0 0 14.99([23])FmTX 68 588 FmM 0.638 0 17.998(ODP)FmTX 85.001 588 FmM 0.638 0 421.345(, \322Draft recommendations X.903: basic reference model of open distributed processing\323, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG7,)FmTX 68.032 601 FmM 0 0 95.456(International Standards Or)FmTX 163.327 601 FmM 0 0 62.235(ganization, 1992.)FmTX 46 618 FmM 0 0 14.99([24])FmTX 68 618 FmM -0.097 0 141.974(Coulson G., Blair G. S., Davies N. and )FmTX 209.038 618 FmM -0.097 0 8.495(W)FmTX 217.174 618 FmM -0.097 0 92.733(illiams N.\323 Extensions to )FmTX 309.025 618 FmM -0.097 0 24.495(ANSA)FmTX 333.026 618 FmM -0.097 0 181.459( for Multimedia Computing\323, Computer Networks)FmTX 68.032 631 FmM 0 0 89.481(and ISDN Systems, 25\(1)FmTX 157.182 631 FmM 0 0 38.995(1\), 305\32023)FmTX 196.177 631 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1992.)FmTX 46 648 FmM 0 0 14.99([25])FmTX 68 648 FmM 0.819 0 67.482(Nicolaou, C., \322An )FmTX 137.444 648 FmM 0.819 0 84.942(Architecture for Real-T)FmTX 223.709 648 FmM 0.819 0 253.187(ime Multimedia Communication Systems\323, IEEE Journal on Selected )FmTX 482.949 648 FmM 0.819 0 30.232(Areas in)FmTX 68.032 661 FmM 0 0 65.995(Communications, )FmTX 133.866 661 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 139.204 661 FmM 0 0 44.998(ol. 8, No. 3, )FmTX 183.707 661 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1990.)FmTX 46 678 FmM 0 0 14.99([26])FmTX 68 678 FmM 0.116 0 70.719(Hazard, L., Horn, F)FmTX 138.35 678 FmM 0.116 0 79.978(., and J. B. Stefani, \322T)FmTX 218.283 678 FmM 0.116 0 117.943(owards the Integration of Real-T)FmTX 336.377 678 FmM 0.116 0 94.234(ime and QoS Handling in )FmTX 430.699 678 FmM 0.116 0 56.485(ANSA\323, CNET)FmTX 487.14 678 FmM 0.116 0 26.743( Report)FmTX 68.032 691 FmM 0 0 23.495(CNET)FmTX 90.862 691 FmM 0 0 108.246(.RC.ARCADE.01, June 1993.)FmTX 46 708 FmM 0 0 14.99([27])FmTX 68 708 FmM 1.002 0 122.21(Guangxing, \322An Model of Real-T)FmTX 193.904 708 FmM 1.002 0 46.736(ime QoS for )FmTX 243.151 708 FmM 1.002 0 35.24(ANSA\323 , )FmTX 280.234 708 FmM 1.002 0 5.498(T)FmTX 285.104 708 FmM 1.002 0 58.972(echnical Report )FmTX 345.586 708 FmM 1.002 0 26.251(APM.1)FmTX 371.505 708 FmM 1.002 0 40.5(151.00.04, )FmTX 412.512 708 FmM 1.002 0 98.481(APM Ltd, Cambridge, UK,)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 151 28 310 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 365 28 460 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 492 28 514 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 612 28 664 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 702 28 711 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 21 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 68.032 80 FmM 0 0 45.984(March 1994.)FmTX 46 97 FmM 0 0 14.99([28])FmTX 68 97 FmM 1.953 0 20.476(Lazar)FmTX 88.118 97 FmM 1.953 0 4.5(, )FmTX 94.077 97 FmM 1.953 0 10.997(A. )FmTX 106.533 97 FmM 1.953 0 107.24(A., Bhonsle S., Lim, K.S., \322A)FmTX 223.042 97 FmM 1.953 0 33.504( Binding )FmTX 259.957 97 FmM 1.953 0 226.657(Architecture for Multimedia Networks\323, Proceedings of COST)FmTX 497.505 97 FmM 1.953 0 16.495(-237)FmTX 68.032 110 FmM 0 0 99.213(Conference on Multimedia )FmTX 167.085 110 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 172.268 110 FmM 0 0 46.98(ransport and )FmTX 219.087 110 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 223.957 110 FmM 0 0 43.969(eleservices, )FmTX 267.766 110 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 273.725 110 FmM 0 0 23.99(ienna, )FmTX 297.22 110 FmM 0 0 51.238(Austria, 1994.)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0 0 14.99([29])FmTX 68 127 FmM 1.251 0 379.375(Bulterman D. C. and van Liere R., \322Multimedia Synchronisation and UNIX\323, Proc. Second International )FmTX 464.727 127 FmM 1.251 0 8.495(W)FmTX 472.503 127 FmM 1.251 0 40.245(orkshop on)FmTX 68.032 140 FmM 0 0 186.693(Network and Operating System Support for Digital )FmTX 254.23 140 FmM 0 0 39.992(Audio and )FmTX 294.063 140 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 300.022 140 FmM 0 0 55.472(ideo, Heidelber)FmTX 355.333 140 FmM 0 0 42.238(g, Springer )FmTX 397.411 140 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 402.911 140 FmM 0 0 42.735(erlag, 1991.)FmTX 46 157 FmM 0 0 14.99([30])FmTX 68 157 FmM -0.096 0 80.47(Leslie, I.M., McAuely)FmTX 147.695 157 FmM -0.096 0 85.731(, D., and S.J. Mullender)FmTX 232.684 157 FmM -0.096 0 282.177(, \322Pegasus - Operating Systems Support for Distributed Multimedia Systems,\323)FmTX 68.032 170 FmM 0 0 97.972(Operating Systems Review)FmTX 165.419 170 FmM 0 0 4.5(, )FmTX 169.759 170 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 175.096 170 FmM 0 0 69.748(ol. 27, No. 1, 1993.)FmTX 46 187 FmM 0 0 14.99([31])FmTX 68 187 FmM 0.213 0 81.74(Govindan, R., and D.P)FmTX 149.382 187 FmM 0.213 0 4.5(. )FmTX 153.601 187 FmM 0.213 0 253.435(Anderson, \322Scheduling and IPC Mechanisms for Continuous Media\323, )FmTX 408.58 187 FmM 0.213 0 39.733(Thirteenth )FmTX 448.031 187 FmM 0.213 0 65.755(ACM Symposium)FmTX 68.032 200 FmM 0.101 0 122.221(on Operating Systems Principles, )FmTX 190.164 200 FmM 0.101 0 103.447(Asilomar Conference Center)FmTX 293.456 200 FmM 0.101 0 24.996(, Paci\336)FmTX 318.554 200 FmM 0.101 0 132.212(c Grove, California, USA, SIGOPS, )FmTX 451.113 200 FmM 0.101 0 6.497(V)FmTX 456.45 200 FmM 0.101 0 57.245(ol 25, pp 68-80,)FmTX 68.032 213 FmM 0 0 20.25(1991.)FmTX 46 230 FmM 0 0 14.99([32])FmTX 68 230 FmM 0.073 0 10.49(Jef)FmTX 78.33 230 FmM 0.073 0 11.49(fay)FmTX 89.235 230 FmM 0.073 0 62.969(, K., \322The Real-T)FmTX 152.11 230 FmM 0.073 0 129.21(ime Producer/Consumer Paradigm: )FmTX 281.046 230 FmM 0.073 0 6.497(A)FmTX 287.049 230 FmM 0.073 0 118.709( Paradigm for Construction of Ef)FmTX 405.965 230 FmM 0.073 0 5.003(\336)FmTX 410.968 230 FmM 0.073 0 89.703(cient, Predictable Real-T)FmTX 500.504 230 FmM 0.073 0 13.496(ime)FmTX 68.032 243 FmM 0 0 79.737(Systems,\323 Proc. 1993 )FmTX 147.274 243 FmM 0 0 54(ACM/SIGAPP)FmTX 200.942 243 FmM 0 0 58.755( Symposium on )FmTX 259.203 243 FmM 0 0 194.208(Applied Computing, Indianapolis, IN, February 1993.)FmTX 46 260 FmM 0 0 14.99([33])FmTX 68 260 FmM -0.112 0 5.498(T)FmTX 72.869 260 FmM -0.112 0 50.487(okuda H. and )FmTX 122.859 260 FmM -0.112 0 5.498(T)FmTX 127.691 260 FmM -0.112 0 191.692(. Kitayama, \323Dynamic QoS Control Based on Real-T)FmTX 318.283 260 FmM -0.112 0 15.746(ime )FmTX 333.756 260 FmM -0.112 0 132.943(Threads\323, Proc. Fourth International )FmTX 466.091 260 FmM -0.112 0 8.495(W)FmTX 473.867 260 FmM -0.112 0 40.245(orkshop on)FmTX 68.032 273 FmM -0.022 0 186.693(Network and Operating System Support for Digital )FmTX 254.075 273 FmM -0.022 0 39.992(Audio and )FmTX 293.863 273 FmM -0.022 0 6.497(V)FmTX 299.822 273 FmM -0.022 0 95.205(ideo, Lancaster University)FmTX 394.399 273 FmM -0.022 0 117.461(, Lancaster LA1 4YR, UK, 1993)FmTX 511.749 273 FmM -0.022 0 2.25(.)FmTX 46 290 FmM 0 0 14.99([34])FmTX 68 290 FmM -0.178 0 87.245(Coulson, G., Campbell, )FmTX 154.217 290 FmM -0.178 0 6.497(A)FmTX 160.22 290 FmM -0.178 0 22.498( and P)FmTX 181.365 290 FmM -0.178 0 137.725(. Robin, \322Design of a QoS Controlled )FmTX 317.352 290 FmM -0.178 0 6.497(A)FmTX 322.851 290 FmM -0.178 0 192.215(TM Based Communication System in Chorus\323, IEEE)FmTX 68.032 303 FmM 0.174 0 71.218(Journal of Selected )FmTX 139.276 303 FmM 0.174 0 188.448(Areas in Communications \(JSAC\), Special Issue on )FmTX 328.445 303 FmM 0.174 0 6.497(A)FmTX 333.945 303 FmM 0.174 0 179.187(TM LANs: Implementation and Experiences with)FmTX 68.032 316 FmM 0 0 19.488(Emer)FmTX 87.359 316 FmM 0 0 18.25(ging )FmTX 105.449 316 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 110.318 316 FmM 0 0 37.49(echnology)FmTX 147.224 316 FmM 0 0 43.495(, May 1995.)FmTX 46 333 FmM 0 0 14.99([35])FmTX 68 333 FmM 1.402 0 10.49(Jef)FmTX 78.33 333 FmM 1.402 0 11.49(fay)FmTX 89.235 333 FmM 1.402 0 82.474(, K and D. Bennett, \322A)FmTX 178.223 333 FmM 1.402 0 84.718( Rate-Based Execution )FmTX 266.651 333 FmM 1.402 0 238.939(Abstraction For Multimedia Computing,\323 Proc. Fifth International)FmTX 68.032 346 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 75.808 346 FmM 0 0 232.688(orkshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital )FmTX 308.002 346 FmM 0 0 39.992(Audio and )FmTX 347.834 346 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 353.793 346 FmM 0 0 77.722(ideo,\323, Durham, NH, )FmTX 431.02 346 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1995.)FmTX 0 2 gm 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 160.454 365 FmM 0 0 79.969(COMMUNICA)FmTX 239.535 365 FmM 0 0 160.011(TIONS QoS BIBLIOGRAPHY)FmTX 0 5 gm 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 387 FmM 0 0 14.99([36])FmTX 68 387 FmM 0.287 0 37.488(Danthine, )FmTX 105.281 387 FmM 0.287 0 47.485(A., Baguette )FmTX 153.008 387 FmM 0.287 0 6.497(Y)FmTX 158.345 387 FmM 0.287 0 220.423(., Leduc G., and L. Leonard, \322The OSI 95 Connection-Mode )FmTX 381.479 387 FmM 0.287 0 5.498(T)FmTX 386.662 387 FmM 0.287 0 126.189(ransport Service - Enhanced QoS\323,)FmTX 68.032 400 FmM 0 0 50.739(Proc. 4th IFIP)FmTX 118.439 400 FmM 0 0 368.099( Conference on High Performance Networking, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, December 1992.)FmTX 46 417 FmM 0 0 14.99([37])FmTX 68 417 FmM 0.448 0 8.495(W)FmTX 75.776 417 FmM 0.448 0 12.004(ol\336)FmTX 87.78 417 FmM 0.448 0 15.99(nger)FmTX 103.411 417 FmM 0.448 0 81.729(, B. and M. Moran, \322A)FmTX 186.889 417 FmM 0.448 0 90.481( Continuous Media Data )FmTX 279.003 417 FmM 0.448 0 5.498(T)FmTX 284.186 417 FmM 0.448 0 226.674(ransport Service and Protocol for Real-time Communication in)FmTX 68.032 430 FmM 0.465 0 164.938(High Speed Networks\323, Second International )FmTX 235.135 430 FmM 0.465 0 8.495(W)FmTX 242.911 430 FmM 0.465 0 229.188(orkshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital )FmTX 475.792 430 FmM 0.465 0 37.742(Audio and)FmTX 68.032 443 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 73.991 443 FmM 0 0 97.218(ideo, IBM ENC, Heidelber)FmTX 171.049 443 FmM 0 0 42.482(g, Germany)FmTX 212.946 443 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1991.)FmTX 46 460 FmM 0 0 14.99([38])FmTX 68 460 FmM 4.702 0 36.483(Feldmeier)FmTX 104.126 460 FmM 4.702 0 25.989(, D.,\322A)FmTX 134.323 460 FmM 4.702 0 55.725( Framework of )FmTX 203.661 460 FmM 4.702 0 277.422(Architectural Concepts for High Speed Communication Systems\323, Computer)FmTX 68.032 473 FmM 0 0 243.929(Communication Research Group, Bellcore, Morristown, May 1993.)FmTX 46 490 FmM 0 0 14.99([39])FmTX 68 490 FmM 0.542 0 8.495(W)FmTX 75.669 490 FmM 0.542 0 40.977(. Doeringer)FmTX 116.829 490 FmM 0.542 0 157.443(, D. Dykeman, M. Kaiserswerth, B. Meister)FmTX 277.166 490 FmM 0.542 0 52.504(, H. Rudin, R. )FmTX 331.677 490 FmM 0.542 0 8.495(W)FmTX 339.813 490 FmM 0.542 0 48.489(illiamson, \322A)FmTX 388.35 490 FmM 0.542 0 88.974( Survey of Light-weight )FmTX 479.331 490 FmM 0.542 0 5.498(T)FmTX 484.514 490 FmM 0.542 0 29.485(ransport)FmTX 68.032 503 FmM 0 0 157.933(Protocols for High-speed Networks\323, IEEE )FmTX 225.804 503 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 230.988 503 FmM 0 0 180.457(ransactions on Communications, November 1990.)FmTX 46 520 FmM 0 0 14.99([40])FmTX 68 520 FmM -0.526 0 453.364(Chesson, G., \322XTP/PE Overview\323, Proc. 13th Conference on Local Computer Networks, Pladisson Plaza Hotel, Minneapolis,)FmTX 68.032 533 FmM 0 0 62.741(Minnesota, 1988.)FmTX 46 550 FmM 0 0 14.99([41])FmTX 68 550 FmM -0.053 0 189.69(Clark, D.D., Lambert, M.L., and L. Zhang, \322NETBL)FmTX 256.495 550 FmM -0.053 0 5.498(T)FmTX 261.544 550 FmM -0.053 0 4.75(: )FmTX 265.748 550 FmM -0.053 0 6.497(A)FmTX 271.751 550 FmM -0.053 0 22.498( High )FmTX 293.983 550 FmM -0.053 0 44.743(Throughput )FmTX 338.513 550 FmM -0.053 0 5.498(T)FmTX 343.696 550 FmM -0.053 0 170.462(ransport Protocol\323, Computer Communications)FmTX 68.032 563 FmM 0 0 27.49(Review)FmTX 94.938 563 FmM 0 0 4.5(, )FmTX 99.277 563 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 104.614 563 FmM 0 0 69.748(ol. 17, No. 5, 1987.)FmTX 46 580 FmM 0 0 14.99([42])FmTX 68 580 FmM 2.139 0 147.955(Hehmann, D.B., Herrtwich R.G., Schulz )FmTX 226.489 580 FmM 2.139 0 8.495(W)FmTX 234.157 580 FmM 2.139 0 38.243(., Schuett, )FmTX 276.518 580 FmM 2.139 0 5.498(T)FmTX 281.35 580 FmM 2.139 0 157.961(., and R. Steinmetz, \322Implementing HeiTS: )FmTX 451.649 580 FmM 2.139 0 60.212(Architecture and)FmTX 68.032 593 FmM -0.044 0 149.937(Implementation Strategy of the Heidelber)FmTX 217.635 593 FmM -0.044 0 51.24(g High Speed )FmTX 268.584 593 FmM -0.044 0 5.498(T)FmTX 273.767 593 FmM -0.044 0 143.697(ransport System\323, Second International )FmTX 417.13 593 FmM -0.044 0 8.495(W)FmTX 424.906 593 FmM -0.044 0 89.224(orkshop on Network and)FmTX 68.032 606 FmM 0 0 137.714(Operating System Support for Digital )FmTX 205.251 606 FmM 0 0 39.992(Audio and )FmTX 245.083 606 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 251.042 606 FmM 0 0 97.218(ideo, IBM ENC, Heidelber)FmTX 348.1 606 FmM 0 0 42.482(g, Germany)FmTX 389.997 606 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1991.)FmTX 46 623 FmM 0 0 14.99([43])FmTX 68 623 FmM 0.404 0 108.215(Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner)FmTX 177.474 623 FmM 0.404 0 14.498(, \322R)FmTX 191.837 623 FmM 0.404 0 15.251(TP: )FmTX 206.998 623 FmM 0.404 0 6.497(A)FmTX 213.001 623 FmM 0.404 0 2.25( )FmTX 215.494 623 FmM 0.404 0 5.498(T)FmTX 220.678 623 FmM 0.404 0 102.204(ransport Protocol for Real-T)FmTX 323.779 623 FmM 0.404 0 15.746(ime )FmTX 339.435 623 FmM 0.404 0 54.483(Applications\323, )FmTX 394.162 623 FmM 0.404 0 8.495(W)FmTX 401.938 623 FmM 0.404 0 110.446(ork in Progress, Internet Draft,)FmTX 68.032 636 FmM 0 0 116.097(, 1995.)FmTX 46 653 FmM 0 0 14.99([44])FmTX 68 653 FmM 0.567 0 37.244(Campbell )FmTX 105.316 653 FmM 0.567 0 89.978(A., Coulson G., Garcia F)FmTX 196.843 653 FmM 0.567 0 82.727(. and Hutchison D., \322A)FmTX 281.343 653 FmM 0.567 0 71.244( Continuous Media )FmTX 354.127 653 FmM 0.567 0 5.498(T)FmTX 359.31 653 FmM 0.567 0 152.422(ransport and Orchestration Service\323, Proc.)FmTX 68.032 666 FmM 0 0 204.963(ACM SIGCOMM \32492, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 99\3201)FmTX 272.663 666 FmM 0 0 9(10)FmTX 281.663 666 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1992.)FmTX 46 683 FmM 0 0 14.99([45])FmTX 68 683 FmM 2.781 0 253.395(Keshav and Saran, \322Semantics and Implementation of a Native-Mode )FmTX 345.934 683 FmM 2.781 0 6.497(A)FmTX 351.434 683 FmM 2.781 0 113.97(TM Protocol Stack\323, Bell Labs )FmTX 479.151 683 FmM 2.781 0 5.498(T)FmTX 484.02 683 FmM 2.781 0 29.979(echnical)FmTX 68.032 696 FmM 0 0 96.48(Memorandum, http://www)FmTX 163.927 696 FmM 0 0 152.697(.cs.att.com/csrc/keshav/papers.html, 1994.)FmTX 46 713 FmM 0 0 14.99([46])FmTX 68 713 FmM 0.623 0 5.498(T)FmTX 72.869 713 FmM 0.623 0 191.428(opolcic, C., \322Experimental Internet Stream Protocol, )FmTX 267.876 713 FmM 0.623 0 6.497(V)FmTX 273.376 713 FmM 0.623 0 44.486(ersion 2 \(ST)FmTX 318.282 713 FmM 0.623 0 155.933(-II\)\323, Internet Request for Comments No. 1)FmTX 477.623 713 FmM 0.623 0 35.754(190 RFC-)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 74 28 113 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 151 28 276 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 327 28 349 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 381 28 506 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 574 28 716 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 22 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 68.032 80 FmM 0 0 4.5(1)FmTX 72.2 80 FmM 0 0 69.482(190, October 1990.)FmTX 46 97 FmM 0 0 14.99([47])FmTX 68 97 FmM 1.093 0 186.706(Clark, D.D., Shenker S., and L. Zhang, \322Supporting)FmTX 262.359 97 FmM 1.093 0 80.969( Real-Time Applicatio)FmTX 345.515 97 FmM 1.093 0 161.925(ns in an Integrated Services Packet Network:)FmTX 68.032 110 FmM 0 0 133.934(Architecture and Mechanism\323, Proc. )FmTX 201.472 110 FmM 0 0 184.223(ACM SIGCOMM\32592, pp. 14-26, Baltimore, USA, )FmTX 385.201 110 FmM 0 0 50.748(August, 1992.)FmTX 46 127 FmM 0 0 14.99([48])FmTX 68 127 FmM 0 0 90.481(Zhang, L., et. al., \322RSVP)FmTX 158.15 127 FmM 0 0 67.99( Functional Speci\336)FmTX 226.14 127 FmM 0 0 30.485(cation\323, )FmTX 256.464 127 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 264.24 127 FmM 0 0 165.667(orking Draft, draft-ietf-rsvp-spec-10.ps, 1996.)FmTX 46 144 FmM 0 0 14.99([49])FmTX 68 144 FmM 0.054 0 55.219(Ferrari, D. and )FmTX 123.222 144 FmM 0.054 0 6.497(V)FmTX 128.722 144 FmM 0.054 0 54.477(erma D. C., \322A)FmTX 182.867 144 FmM 0.054 0 70.712( Scheme for Real-T)FmTX 253.429 144 FmM 0.054 0 110.479(ime Channel Establishment in )FmTX 363.964 144 FmM 0.054 0 8.495(W)FmTX 372.1 144 FmM 0.054 0 141.682(ide-Area Networks\323, IEEE JSAC, 8\(3\),)FmTX 68.032 157 FmM 0 0 51.75(368\32077, 1990.)FmTX 46 174 FmM 0 0 14.99([50])FmTX 68 174 FmM -0.461 0 123.194(Ferrari, D., Ramaekers J. , and G. )FmTX 187.806 174 FmM -0.461 0 6.497(V)FmTX 193.306 174 FmM -0.461 0 324.382(entre, \322Client-Network Interactions in Quality of Service Communication Environments\323,)FmTX 68.032 187 FmM 0 0 50.739(Proc. 4th IFIP)FmTX 118.439 187 FmM 0 0 365.849( Conference on High Performance Networking, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, December 1992)FmTX 484.289 187 FmM 0 0 2.25(.)FmTX 46 204 FmM 0 0 14.99([51])FmTX 68 204 FmM 0.399 0 36.477(Benerjea, )FmTX 104.382 204 FmM 0.399 0 102.962(A. and B. Mah, \322The Real-T)FmTX 209.023 204 FmM 0.399 0 47.988(ime Channel )FmTX 257.315 204 FmM 0.399 0 172.696(Administration Protocol\323, Second International )FmTX 431.446 204 FmM 0.399 0 8.495(W)FmTX 439.222 204 FmM 0.399 0 73.98(orkshop on Network)FmTX 68.032 217 FmM 0 0 152.958(and Operating System Support for Digital )FmTX 220.496 217 FmM 0 0 39.992(Audio and )FmTX 260.328 217 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 266.287 217 FmM 0 0 59.467(ideo\323, Heidelber)FmTX 325.593 217 FmM 0 0 69.482(g, November 1991.)FmTX 46 234 FmM 0 0 14.99([52])FmTX 68 234 FmM 0 0 74.979(H. Zhang, S. Keshav)FmTX 142.395 234 FmM 0 0 186.429(, \322Comparison of Rate-Based Service Disciplines\323, )FmTX 328.33 234 FmM 0 0 90.497(ACM SIGCOMM, 1991.)FmTX 46 251 FmM 0 0 14.99([53])FmTX 68 251 FmM 0 0 6.497(A)FmTX 73.5 251 FmM 0 0 44.246(TM Forum, )FmTX 117.252 251 FmM 0 0 6.497(A)FmTX 122.752 251 FmM 0 0 32.735(TM User)FmTX 155.309 251 FmM 0 0 95.939(-Network Interface Speci\336)FmTX 251.248 251 FmM 0 0 29.99(cations, )FmTX 281.078 251 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 286.578 251 FmM 0 0 39.99(ersion 4.0, )FmTX 326.074 251 FmM 0 0 6.497(A)FmTX 331.573 251 FmM 0 0 64.496(TM Forum, 1996.)FmTX 46 268 FmM 0 0 14.99([54])FmTX 68 268 FmM 0.186 0 29.487(Shenker)FmTX 97.129 268 FmM 0.186 0 143.136(, S., Clark, D., and L. Zhang, \(1993\) \"A)FmTX 241.257 268 FmM 0.186 0 164.204( Scheduling Service Model and a Scheduling )FmTX 406.267 268 FmM 0.186 0 107.176(Architecture for an Integrated)FmTX 68.032 281 FmM -0.518 0 95.449(Service Packet Network\323, )FmTX 161.766 281 FmM -0.518 0 8.495(W)FmTX 169.542 281 FmM -0.518 0 348.603(orking Draft available via anonymous ftp from parcftp.xerox.com: /transient/service-model.ps.Z.)FmTX 46 298 FmM 0 0 14.99([55])FmTX 68 298 FmM 1.239 0 75.223(Zitterbart, M., Stiller)FmTX 145.343 298 FmM 1.239 0 32.498(, B., and )FmTX 181.063 298 FmM 1.239 0 6.497(A)FmTX 187.066 298 FmM 1.239 0 2.25( )FmTX 190.394 298 FmM 1.239 0 5.498(T)FmTX 195.263 298 FmM 1.239 0 25.987(antawy)FmTX 220.666 298 FmM 1.239 0 12.742(,\322A)FmTX 232.913 298 FmM 1.239 0 272.415( Model for Flexible High-Performance Communication Subsystems\323, IEEE)FmTX 68.032 311 FmM 0 0 64.499(JSAC, May 1992.)FmTX 46 328 FmM 0 0 14.99([56])FmTX 68 328 FmM -0.264 0 29.487(Parekh, )FmTX 96.73 328 FmM -0.264 0 83.219(A. and R. G. Gallagher)FmTX 178.537 328 FmM -0.264 0 14.992(, \322A)FmTX 192.771 328 FmM -0.264 0 114.948( Generalised Processor Sharing )FmTX 306.17 328 FmM -0.264 0 209.674(Approach to Flow Control in Integrated Service Networks)FmTX 68.032 341 FmM 0 0 5.245(- )FmTX 73.116 341 FmM 0 0 321.409(The Multiple Node Case\323, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM\32593, pp.521-530, San Francisco, USA, )FmTX 394.032 341 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1993.)FmTX 46 358 FmM 0 0 14.99([57])FmTX 68 358 FmM 1.525 0 66.984(Golestani, S.J., \322A)FmTX 137.539 358 FmM 1.525 0 262.918( Stop and Go Queueing Framework for Congestion Management\323, Proc. )FmTX 415.211 358 FmM 1.525 0 95.739(ACM SIGCOMM\32590, San)FmTX 68.032 371 FmM 0 0 78.478(Francisco, June 1990.)FmTX 46 388 FmM 0 0 14.99([58])FmTX 68 388 FmM -0.282 0 26.987(Keshav)FmTX 94.403 388 FmM -0.282 0 55.233(, S., \322On the Ef)FmTX 148.348 388 FmM -0.282 0 5.003(\336)FmTX 153.351 388 FmM -0.282 0 310.608(cient Implementation of Fair Queueing\323, Internetworking: Research and Experiences, )FmTX 461.262 388 FmM -0.282 0 6.497(V)FmTX 466.6 388 FmM -0.282 0 48.245(ol. 2, pp 157-)FmTX 68.032 401 FmM 0 0 36(173, 1991)FmTX 104.032 401 FmM 0 0 2.25(.)FmTX 46 418 FmM 0 0 14.99([59])FmTX 68 418 FmM 0.911 0 42.24(Guerin, R., )FmTX 111.569 418 FmM 0.911 0 227.439(Ahmadi, H., and M. Naghshineh, \323Equivalent Capacity and its )FmTX 346.716 418 FmM 0.911 0 95.735(Application to Bandwidth )FmTX 444.69 418 FmM 0.911 0 67.487(Allocation in High)FmTX 68.032 431 FmM 0 0 164.432(Speed Networks\323 , IEEE Journal on Selected )FmTX 231.97 431 FmM 0 0 98.477(Areas in Communications, )FmTX 330.287 431 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 335.624 431 FmM 0 0 85.746(ol. 9, No. 7, Sept. 1991.)FmTX 46 448 FmM 0 0 14.99([60])FmTX 68 448 FmM 0.275 0 45.237(Cruz, R., \322A)FmTX 113.294 448 FmM 0.275 0 273.641( Calculus for Network Delay: Part I: Network Elements in Isolation\323, IEEE )FmTX 390.076 448 FmM 0.275 0 5.498(T)FmTX 395.259 448 FmM 0.275 0 73.47(ransactions on Info. )FmTX 469.394 448 FmM 0.275 0 25.987(Theory)FmTX 494.797 448 FmM 0.275 0 4.5(, )FmTX 499.412 448 FmM 0.275 0 6.497(V)FmTX 504.749 448 FmM 0.275 0 9.25(ol.)FmTX 68.032 461 FmM 0 0 74.742(37. No. 1, Jan. 1991.)FmTX 46 478 FmM 0 0 14.99([61])FmTX 68 478 FmM -0.334 0 61.719(Hyman, J., Lazar)FmTX 128.694 478 FmM -0.334 0 4.5(, )FmTX 132.366 478 FmM -0.334 0 59.985(A., and G. Paci\336)FmTX 191.351 478 FmM -0.334 0 39.975(ci, \322Real-T)FmTX 230.678 478 FmM -0.334 0 286.657(ime Scheduling with Quality of Service Constraints\323, IEEE Journal on Selected)FmTX 68.032 491 FmM 0 0 98.477(Areas in Communications, )FmTX 166.349 491 FmM 0 0 6.497(V)FmTX 171.686 491 FmM 0 0 44.998(ol. 9. No. 7, )FmTX 216.189 491 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1990.)FmTX 46 508 FmM 0 0 14.99([62])FmTX 68 508 FmM -0.498 0 132.965(Braden R., Clark, D., and S. Shenker)FmTX 197.622 508 FmM -0.498 0 132.677(, \322Integrated Services in the Internet )FmTX 326.82 508 FmM -0.498 0 189.668(Architecture: an Overview\323, Request for Comments,)FmTX 68.032 521 FmM 0 0 38.004(RFC-1633)FmTX 106.036 521 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1994.)FmTX 46 538 FmM 0 0 14.99([63])FmTX 68 538 FmM -0.006 0 446.084(Floyd, S., \322Link-Sharing and Resource Management Models for Packet Networks\323, Draft available via anonymous ftp from)FmTX 68.032 551 FmM 0 0 149.968(ftp.ee.lbl.gov: link.ps.Z, September 1993.)FmTX 46 568 FmM 0 0 14.99([64])FmTX 68 568 FmM 1.4 0 123.985(Jain, R., \322Congestion Control and )FmTX 198.827 568 FmM 1.4 0 5.498(T)FmTX 204.011 568 FmM 1.4 0 9.984(raf)FmTX 213.835 568 FmM 1.4 0 5.003(\336)FmTX 218.838 568 FmM 1.4 0 64.725(c Management in )FmTX 287.269 568 FmM 1.4 0 6.497(A)FmTX 292.769 568 FmM 1.4 0 82.72(TM Networks: Recebt )FmTX 379.197 568 FmM 1.4 0 129.201(Advances and a Survey\323, Computer)FmTX 68.032 581 FmM 0 0 171.94(Networks and ISDN Systems \(to appear\), 1996.)FmTX 46 598 FmM 0 0 14.99([65])FmTX 68 598 FmM 0.191 0 36.492(Dabbous, )FmTX 104.523 598 FmM 0.191 0 8.495(W)FmTX 112.192 598 FmM 0.191 0 155.949(. and C. Diot, \322High Performance Protocol )FmTX 268.986 598 FmM 0.191 0 56.962(Architectures\323, )FmTX 325.979 598 FmM 0.191 0 5.498(T)FmTX 330.848 598 FmM 0.191 0 117.958(echnical Report, INRIA, Sophia )FmTX 449.077 598 FmM 0.191 0 64.731(Antipolis, France,)FmTX 68.032 611 FmM 0 0 18(1995)FmTX 46 628 FmM 0 0 14.99([66])FmTX 68 628 FmM -0.397 0 5.498(T)FmTX 73.184 628 FmM -0.397 0 18.984(urner)FmTX 91.81 628 FmM -0.397 0 22.992(, J. \322A)FmTX 113.011 628 FmM -0.397 0 36.242(TM-Soft: )FmTX 148.361 628 FmM -0.397 0 6.497(A)FmTX 154.364 628 FmM -0.397 0 69.229( Mini-Proposal for )FmTX 221.909 628 FmM -0.397 0 6.497(A)FmTX 227.409 628 FmM -0.397 0 146.716(TM Network Control Using Soft State\323, )FmTX 371.583 628 FmM -0.397 0 5.498(T)FmTX 376.452 628 FmM -0.397 0 54.222(echnical Note, )FmTX 429.72 628 FmM -0.397 0 8.495(W)FmTX 437.497 628 FmM -0.397 0 75.234(ashington University)FmTX 511.75 628 FmM -0.397 0 2.25(,)FmTX 68.032 641 FmM 0 0 20.25(1995.)FmTX 0 2 gm 1 fs 12 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt bn ( )show 163.661 660 FmM 0 0 28.005(QoS )FmTX 191.006 660 FmM 0 0 205.333(ARCHITECTURES BIBLIOGRAPHY)FmTX 0 5 gm 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 682 FmM 0 0 14.99([67])FmTX 68 682 FmM -0.112 0 367.879(ISO, \322Quality of Service Framework\323, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG1 N9680, International Standards Or)FmTX 434.493 682 FmM -0.112 0 79.73(ganization, UK, 1995.)FmTX 46 699 FmM 0 0 14.99([68])FmTX 68 699 FmM 1.584 0 39.494(Campbell, )FmTX 108.584 699 FmM 1.584 0 94.478(A., Coulson, G., Garc\222a, F)FmTX 208.679 699 FmM 1.584 0 287.897(., Hutchison, D., and H. Leopold, \322Integrated Quality of Service for Multimedia)FmTX 68.032 712 FmM 0 0 296.431(Communications\323, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM\32593, pp. 732-739, San Francisco, USA, )FmTX 363.969 712 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1993.)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 74 28 83 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 121 28 237 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 262 28 344 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 382 28 404 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 472 28 644 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 693 28 715 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Page: ? 23 op 0 0 xl 0 0 pen 0 0 gm (nc 0 0 797 560 6 rc)kp 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 0 0 lin 1 1 pen 0 0 gm F 1 setTxMode 0 fs 9 fz bu fc 2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt bn ( )show 46 80 FmM 0 0 14.99([69])FmTX 68 80 FmM 0.444 0 20.476(Lazar)FmTX 88.118 80 FmM 0.444 0 4.5(, )FmTX 92.568 80 FmM 0.444 0 32.487(A.A., \322A)FmTX 125.003 80 FmM 0.444 0 183.938( Real-time Control, Management, and Information )FmTX 311.442 80 FmM 0.444 0 5.498(T)FmTX 316.625 80 FmM 0.444 0 31.735(ransport )FmTX 348.31 80 FmM 0.444 0 163.916(Architecture for Broadband Networks\323, Proc.)FmTX 68.032 93 FmM 0 0 279.435(International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, pp. 281-295, 1992.)FmTX 46 110 FmM 0 0 14.99([70])FmTX 68 110 FmM 0.693 0 308.145(Nahrstedt K. and J. Smith, \322Design, Implementation and Experiences of the OMEGA)FmTX 383.27 110 FmM 0.693 0 40.997( End-Point )FmTX 425.157 110 FmM 0.693 0 53.462(Architecture\323, )FmTX 479.151 110 FmM 0.693 0 5.498(T)FmTX 484.02 110 FmM 0.693 0 29.979(echnical)FmTX 68.032 123 FmM 0 0 313.429(Report \(MS-CIS-95-22\), University of Pennsylvania, May 1995, \( submitted to JSAC\).)FmTX 46 140 FmM 0 0 14.99([71])FmTX 68 140 FmM 0.977 0 6.497(V)FmTX 73.337 140 FmM 0.977 0 28.753(olg, C., )FmTX 103.885 140 FmM 0.977 0 8.495(W)FmTX 111.661 140 FmM 0.977 0 104.462(olf, L., Herrtwich, R. and H. )FmTX 221.825 140 FmM 0.977 0 8.495(W)FmTX 229.961 140 FmM 0.977 0 48.489(ittig, \322HeiRA)FmTX 278.43 140 FmM 0.977 0 5.498(T)FmTX 283.767 140 FmM 0.977 0 222.416( - Quality of Service Management for Distributed Multimedia)FmTX 68.032 153 FmM 0 0 166.225(Systems\323, Multimedia Systems Journal, 1996.)FmTX 46 170 FmM 0 0 14.99([72])FmTX 68 170 FmM -0.094 0 126.949(Gopalakrishna, G., and G. Parulkar)FmTX 194.214 170 FmM -0.094 0 16.987(, \322Ef)FmTX 210.946 170 FmM -0.094 0 5.003(\336)FmTX 215.949 170 FmM -0.094 0 298.901(cient Quality of Service in Multimedia Computer Operating Systems\323, Department)FmTX 68.032 183 FmM 0 0 76.959(of computer science, )FmTX 144.831 183 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 152.607 183 FmM 0 0 75.234(ashington University)FmTX 227.257 183 FmM 0 0 31.243(, Report )FmTX 258.339 183 FmM 0 0 70.98(WUCS-TM-94-04, )FmTX 328.825 183 FmM 0 0 48.498(August 1994.)FmTX 46 200 FmM 0 0 14.99([73])FmTX 68 200 FmM 0 0 20.476(Lazar)FmTX 88.118 200 FmM 0 0 4.5(, )FmTX 92.124 200 FmM 0 0 10.997(A. )FmTX 102.627 200 FmM 0 0 251.161(A., \322Challenges in Multimedia Networking\323, Proc. International Hi-T)FmTX 353.159 200 FmM 0 0 150.196(ech Forum, Osaka, Japan, February 1994.)FmTX 46 217 FmM 0 0 14.99([74])FmTX 68 217 FmM -0.421 0 39.494(Campbell, )FmTX 106.578 217 FmM -0.421 0 136.975(A., Coulson, G. and D. Hutchison, \322A)FmTX 240.532 217 FmM -0.421 0 70.471( Quality of Service )FmTX 308.823 217 FmM -0.421 0 53.462(Architecture\323, )FmTX 361.369 217 FmM -0.421 0 152.229(ACM Computer Communications Review)FmTX 511.749 217 FmM -0.421 0 2.25(,)FmTX 68.032 230 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1994.)FmTX 46 247 FmM 0 0 14.99([75])FmTX 68 247 FmM 0 0 197.194(OMG, \(1993\), \322The Common Object Request Broker: )FmTX 264.7 247 FmM 0 0 81.464(Architecture & Speci\336)FmTX 346.163 247 FmM 0 0 124.704(cation\323, Rev 1.3., December 1993.)FmTX 46 264 FmM 0 0 14.99([76])FmTX 68 264 FmM 0 0 153.677(TINA-C, \322The QoS Framework\323, Internal )FmTX 221.517 264 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 226.386 264 FmM 0 0 79.222(echnical Report,1995.)FmTX 46 281 FmM 0 0 14.99([77])FmTX 68 281 FmM -0.428 0 128.955(Besse, L., Dairaine L., Fedaoui, L., )FmTX 194.229 281 FmM -0.428 0 5.498(T)FmTX 199.098 281 FmM -0.428 0 21.992(awbi, )FmTX 220.502 281 FmM -0.428 0 8.495(W)FmTX 228.17 281 FmM -0.428 0 32.992(., and K. )FmTX 259.719 281 FmM -0.428 0 30.485(Thai, \322T)FmTX 289.147 281 FmM -0.428 0 38.982(owards an )FmTX 326.779 281 FmM -0.428 0 146.938(Architecture for Distributed Multimedia )FmTX 471.511 281 FmM -0.428 0 42.489(Application)FmTX 68.032 294 FmM 0 0 366.921(Support\323, Proc. International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Boston, May 1994.)FmTX 46 311 FmM 0 0 14.99([78])FmTX 68 311 FmM 0.892 0 434.406(Sluman, C., \322Quality of Service in Distributed Systems\323, BSI/IST21/-/1/5:33, British Standards Institution, UK, October)FmTX 68.032 324 FmM 0 0 20.25(1991.)FmTX 46 341 FmM 0 0 14.99([79])FmTX 68 341 FmM 0 0 29.487(Shenker)FmTX 97.129 341 FmM 0 0 39.498(, S., and J. )FmTX 136.467 341 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 144.604 341 FmM 0 0 134.446(roclawski, \322Network Element Speci\336)FmTX 279.05 341 FmM 0 0 24.24(cation )FmTX 303.13 341 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 307.999 341 FmM 0 0 129.687(emplate\323, Internet Draft, June 1995.)FmTX 46 358 FmM 0 0 14.99([80])FmTX 68 358 FmM 0 0 180.18(Slides from IETF meeting 31, Integrated Service )FmTX 248.02 358 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 255.796 358 FmM 0 0 100.714(orking Group, ftp://mercury)FmTX 355.926 358 FmM 0 0 84.733(.lcs.mit.edu/pub/intserv)FmTX 440.074 358 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1995.)FmTX 46 375 FmM 0 0 14.99([81])FmTX 68 375 FmM 0.552 0 126.949(Gopalakrishna, G., and G. Parulkar)FmTX 196.798 375 FmM 0.552 0 14.992(, \322A)FmTX 211.847 375 FmM 0.552 0 296.635( Real-time Upcall Facility for Protocol Processing with QoS Guarantees\323, \(Poster\))FmTX 68.032 388 FmM 0 0 18.25(15th )FmTX 85.788 388 FmM 0 0 227.197(ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, December)FmTX 312.491 388 FmM 0 0 24.75(. 1995.)FmTX 46 405 FmM 0 0 14.99([82])FmTX 68 405 FmM -0.253 0 61.719(Hyman, J., Lazar)FmTX 128.856 405 FmM -0.253 0 4.5(, )FmTX 132.608 405 FmM -0.253 0 59.985(A., and G. Paci\336)FmTX 191.835 405 FmM -0.253 0 92.729(ci, \322Joint Scheduling and )FmTX 283.059 405 FmM -0.253 0 83.738(Admission Control for )FmTX 365.544 405 FmM -0.253 0 6.497(A)FmTX 371.044 405 FmM -0.253 0 123.961(TS-based Switching Node\323, Proc. )FmTX 493.499 405 FmM -0.253 0 20.5(ACM)FmTX 68.032 418 FmM 0 0 164.213(SIGCOMM \32492, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, )FmTX 231.75 418 FmM 0 0 48.498(August 1992.)FmTX 46 435 FmM 0 0 14.99([83])FmTX 68 435 FmM 0.61 0 20.476(Lazar)FmTX 88.118 435 FmM 0.61 0 4.5(, )FmTX 92.734 435 FmM 0.61 0 10.997(A. )FmTX 103.846 435 FmM 0.61 0 71.734(A., Ngoh, L.H. and )FmTX 177.525 435 FmM 0.61 0 128.962(A. Sahai, \322Multimedia Networking )FmTX 308.431 435 FmM 0.61 0 201.911(Abstraction with Quality of Services Guarantees\323, Proc.)FmTX 68.032 448 FmM 0 0 318.672(SPIE Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking, San Jose, February 1995.\\)FmTX 46 465 FmM 0 0 14.99([84])FmTX 68 465 FmM -0.017 0 62.462(Ferrari, D., \322The )FmTX 130.25 465 FmM -0.017 0 5.498(T)FmTX 135.119 465 FmM -0.017 0 379.088(enet Experience and the Design of Protocols for Integrated Services Internetworks\323, Multimedia Systems)FmTX 68.032 478 FmM 0 0 51.24(Journal, 1996.)FmTX 46 495 FmM 0 0 14.99([85])FmTX 68 495 FmM 0.849 0 341.42(Delgrossi, L., Halstrinck, C., Hehmann, D.B., Herrtwich R.G., Krone, J., Sandvoss, C., and C. )FmTX 421.147 495 FmM 0.849 0 6.497(V)FmTX 426.484 495 FmM 0.849 0 84.968(ogt, \322Media Scaling for)FmTX 68.032 508 FmM 0 0 173.459(Audiovisual Communication with the Heidelber)FmTX 241.33 508 FmM 0 0 6.75(g )FmTX 247.92 508 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 253.103 508 FmM 0 0 87.721(ransport System\323, Proc. )FmTX 340.33 508 FmM 0 0 83.487(ACM Multimedia \32493, )FmTX 423.323 508 FmM 0 0 37.488(Anaheim, )FmTX 460.316 508 FmM 0 0 48.498(August 1993.)FmTX 46 525 FmM 0 0 14.99([86])FmTX 68 525 FmM -0.072 0 39.494(Campbell, )FmTX 106.928 525 FmM -0.072 0 170.477(A., Coulson G. and D. Hutchison, \322Supporting )FmTX 276.409 525 FmM -0.072 0 143.205(Adaptive Flows in a Quality of Service )FmTX 418.618 525 FmM -0.072 0 95.454(Architecture\323, Multimedia)FmTX 68.032 538 FmM 0 0 83.49(Systems Journal, 1996.)FmTX 46 555 FmM 0 0 14.99([87])FmTX 68 555 FmM 1.208 0 53.238(Anderson, D.P)FmTX 121.448 555 FmM 1.208 0 124.194(., Herrtwich R.G., and C. Schaefer)FmTX 251.187 555 FmM 1.208 0 29.254(. \322SRP: )FmTX 282.363 555 FmM 1.208 0 6.497(A)FmTX 288.366 555 FmM 1.208 0 218.386( Resource Reservation Protocol for Guaranteed Performance)FmTX 68.032 568 FmM 0 0 310.632(Communication in the Internet\323, Internal Report , University of California at Berkeley)FmTX 378.079 568 FmM 0 0 24.75(, 1991.)FmTX 46 585 FmM 0 0 14.99([88])FmTX 68 585 FmM 0 0 284.177(Nahrstedt K. and J. Smith, \322The QoS Broker\323, IEEE Multimedia, Spring 1995.)FmTX 46 602 FmM 0 0 14.99([89])FmTX 68 602 FmM -0.271 0 6.497(V)FmTX 73.337 602 FmM -0.271 0 19.995(ogel, )FmTX 92.567 602 FmM -0.271 0 28.745(A., G. v)FmTX 120.185 602 FmM -0.271 0 127.477(. Bochmann, R. Dssouli, J. Gecsei, )FmTX 245.539 602 FmM -0.271 0 26.492(A. Ha\336)FmTX 271.76 602 FmM -0.271 0 244.681(d and B. Kerherve, \322On QoS Negotiation in Distributed Multimedia)FmTX 68.032 615 FmM 0 0 201.434(Application\323, Proc. Protocol for High Speed Networks, )FmTX 268.972 615 FmM 0 0 41.493(April 1994.)FmTX 46 632 FmM 0 0 14.99([90])FmTX 68 632 FmM 0.792 0 6.497(Y)FmTX 73.599 632 FmM 0.792 0 72.716(eadon, N., Garcia, F)FmTX 147.972 632 FmM 0.792 0 46.244(., Campbell, )FmTX 195.305 632 FmM 0.792 0 6.497(A)FmTX 201.308 632 FmM 0.792 0 92.23( and D. Hutchison, \322QoS )FmTX 297.003 632 FmM 0.792 0 120.729(Adaptation and Flow Filtering in )FmTX 421.197 632 FmM 0.792 0 6.497(A)FmTX 426.697 632 FmM 0.792 0 85.72(TM Networks\323, Second)FmTX 68.032 645 FmM 0 0 48.226(International )FmTX 116.097 645 FmM 0 0 8.495(W)FmTX 123.873 645 FmM 0 0 42.495(orkshop on )FmTX 165.874 645 FmM 0 0 38.731(Advanced )FmTX 204.445 645 FmM 0 0 5.498(T)FmTX 209.314 645 FmM 0 0 161.699(eleservices and High Speed Communication )FmTX 370.519 645 FmM 0 0 88.444(Architectures, Heidelber)FmTX 458.803 645 FmM 0 0 27(g, 1994)FmTX 0 0 pen 0 0 gm 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 74 28 126 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 164 28 267 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 305 28 344 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 369 28 451 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin 64 gr 0 0 lin 26 489 28 648 FmqF 0 gr 0 0 lin F T cp %%Trailer cd end %%Pages: 23 0 %%EOF